The question of how individuals with severe mental disabilities should be sentenced when they are convicted of capital (death penalty) crimes is a vexing one in U.S. society. On one hand, the death penalty is an established part of the criminal justice system in the United States, which exists in part as a reflection of
The American Counseling Association (ACA) is the world’s largest association exclusively representing professional counselors in all their various practice settings. Founded in 1952 as the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA), ACA changed its name to the American Association of Counseling and Development in 1983 and then to its current name, the American Counseling Association
The American Psychological Association (APA), the world’s largest psychology organization, has worked for more than 100 years to advance psychology as a science, as a profession, and as a way to promote health, education, and human welfare. Psychology is a dynamic and diverse field. Psychologists follow dozens of career paths and pursue their craft in
American gangs first emerged in the late 18th century when large groups of immigrants migrated to the United States. Upon arriving in America, immigrants felt isolated and alone due to language and cultural barriers. To overcome these barriers, immigrants banned together along racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. These groups provided cultural support, enhanced communications
Native American tribal courts are grounded in the principle of sovereignty. Many of the more than 500 tribes recognized by the U.S. federal government have courts for the adjudication of civil and criminal cases. These courts vary in their judicial range and authority and are semiautonomous, consistent with their tribes’ histories and limited right to
Native American (American Indian and Alaskan Native) tribal courts are grounded in the principle of sovereignty. Many of the more than 500 tribes recognized by the U.S. federal government have courts for the adjudication of civil and criminal cases. These courts vary in their judicial range and authority and are semiautonomous, consistent with their tribes’
The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) is the leading Organization of American States (OAS) human rights treaty. Adopted in 1969, it came into force in 1978. It guarantees, among other things, the right to freedom of expression. The ACHR was preceded by the OAS Charter, the founding document of the OAS, which includes only
African American thought has been uniquely influenced by the African love of nature, cruelties of aggression, and an increasing need to adapt to hostile environments and to contribute creatively to overcome the challenges of new worlds, civilizations, and lifestyles tremendously different from the African ancestral heritage. The resistance of Africans to the hardships of life
In 1944 the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal published a monumental study on the social conditions of African Americans. Encyclopedic in its effort to cover all aspects of black life, An American Dilemma was a volume of over 1,000 pages that included analyses of major demographic, political, economic, and cultural forces that shaped the black experience
The topic of African Americans and consumption is fundamentally engaged with slavery, US racial politics, social inequality, and Civil Rights activism. Central questions include the consumption of African Americans, and consumption by African Americans. Because much theory on consumption implicitly assumes a normative consumer who is white and middle class, consideration of African Americans and