Arnold

Arnold Joseph Toynbee

Considered one of the most influential historians of the 20th century, Arnold J. Toynbee and his interpretations of the world’s civilizations have become standard reading for generations of students and scholars alike. Like Oswald Spengler before him, Toynbee wrote about human history as a series of civilizations, separated not by national characteristics, but by culture

Arnold Gesell

Arnold Lucius Gesell was among the first psychologists to establish quantitative measures of child development, based on his extensive observations of New Haven children, whom he filmed through oneway mirrors in the laboratory. Born 1880 in Alma, Wisconsin, a small town that still refers to him as the most famous graduate of Alma High School

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