The Type A behavior pattern (TABP) was introduced almost 40 years ago by Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman as a risk factor in explaining coronary heart disease (CHD). TABP is a stable individual difference characteristic that has captured considerable attention in medical and psychological research circles. An important series of studies has strongly implicated TABP
The Transition Behavior Scale, Second Edition (TBS-2) has as its intention the identification of behaviors that are thought to interfere with successful societal transition and employment from high school to adult life for special needs students. There are two versions of the TBS-2: a self-report instrument (to be completed by the student) and a school
People use their eyes during social interaction in three primary ways: looking in the direction of the other person’s face, often referred to as gaze; looking away from their partner’s face or gaze aversion; and mutual gaze, in which both interactants look in the direction of the other’s face and eye area at the same
Collective behavior is defined as mass activity among a specified population and is often used to describe action of localized mass public activity. Collective action usually occurs among aggregates who meet and disperse and interact on a temporary basis. Examples range from crowds at sporting events, to a collection of individuals listening to a public
The Transition Behavior Scale, Second Edition (TBS-2) has as its intention the identification of behaviors that are thought to interfere with successful societal transition and employment from high school to adult life for special needs students. There are two versions of the TBS-2: a self-report instrument (to be completed by the student) and a school
Traditional approaches to helping individuals change health behaviors focus on reflective processes. In other words, in these approaches, the first thing a practitioner might do is identify what a client thinks about a behavior. Thus, initial counseling may focus on increasing positive beliefs and perceived benefits associated with that behavior and challenging less positive beliefs. Support
Organizational behavior (OB) can be defined as the study of human behavior in the workplace. More specifically, investigators employ the principles of the scientific method to help them understand, predict, and manage employee behavior. The knowledge that follows rigorous, systematic study is used to enhance the productivity of organizations and the quality of work life
The term moral behavior is used with at least two different meanings in the literature. The first is when researchers explicitly define moral behavior and refer to the conditions in which an act is right, or ethical; when these conditions are met, the behavior can be called moral. For example, Augusto Blasi defined moral behavior
The Coventry, Aberdeen, and London—Refined (CALO-RE) taxonomy of behavior change techniques builds on initial work on classifying psychological techniques used in intervention to change behavior, with a particular emphasis on physical activity and healthy eating. The taxonomy aims to provide a common language for the organization, identification, and adoption of behavior change techniques in interventions.
Thin Slices of Behavior Definition Thin slices of behavior is a term coined by Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal in their study examining the accurate judgments of teacher effectiveness. They discovered that very brief (10-second and even 2-second) clips of dynamic silent video clips provided sufficient information for naive raters to evaluate a teacher’s effectiveness
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is any behavior that is intended to harm an organization or its members. Common types of CWB include theft, sabotage, aggression toward others, and spreading rumors. Behavior on the part of employees that is intended to directly harm the organization, such as theft or sabotage, is commonly referred to as organizational
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) refers to voluntary work behaviors that hurt or are intended to hurt the organization or its members. It includes acts with potential harm, such as theft, physical aggression, and sloppy work. These behaviors are voluntary in the sense that they go beyond task performance, and their occurrence, form, and intensity is
Organizational behavior management (OBM) combines the principles of B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory with applications in work settings. It espouses the same basic tenet as reinforcement theory: Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. What occurs after rather than before the behavior of interest is the focus, as exemplified in the principles of reinforcement
Absenteeism (alternatively, absence) is an individual’s lack of physical presence at a given location and time when there is a social expectation for that person to be there. An absence is a behavioral outcome or state rather than a behavior itself, because many different actions can make up an absence, such as lying on the
In organizational research employee lateness can be considered the orphan of behavioral outcomes. Compared with absence and turnover, the two other commonly studied withdrawal behaviors in the field, investigations of lateness and its correlates are much fewer in number; and perhaps more important, they are not anywhere as rich in theoretical explanations of the underlying
In its simplest form, turnover refers to whether an employee stays or leaves. Refinements in the measurement and definition of turnover have led researchers to consider the voluntariness, avoidability, and functionality of turnover. Voluntary turnover refers to situations in which employees have an opportunity to remain with their employer but choose to leave. Involuntary turnover
Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) is a multifaceted and pervasive psychological phenomenon that demands comprehensive understanding and intervention. This article offers an in-depth exploration of SIB, encompassing its definition, diverse forms, and the emotional and psychological underpinnings that drive these behaviors. Additionally, it delves into the prevalence of SIB across different populations, from adolescents to those with
Adaptive behavior is the extent to which an individual demonstrates the culturally established standards for effective personal independence and social responsibility needed for daily living. This includes how well an individual manages the demands of day-to-day functioning (e.g., hygiene, domestic chores), motor functioning (e.g., ambulation), and communication (e.g., receptive and expressive language). It also includes
The Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) is used to facilitate differential diagnosis in individuals ages 2 to 25 years old. The BASC-2 comprises three forms: the Teacher Rating Scale (TRS), the Parent Rating Scale (PRS), and the Self-Report of Personality (SRP). The Teacher Rating Scale and the Parent Rating Scale have three
Behavior rating scales are one of the oldest assessment tools used in mental health, education, and research. These scales typically assess problem behaviors, social skills, and emotional functioning; are widely employed in the assessment of personality development, adaptive behavior, and social-emotional functioning; and aid in diagnostic decision making and in planning treatment and education. These
Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is a pivotal concept in school psychology, dedicated to enhancing the learning environment by fostering positive behaviors and minimizing challenging ones. This article delves into the historical development of PBS, tracing its roots and the influential figures who have shaped it over time. It also elucidates the key principles and components
Self-Defeating Behavior Definition For social psychologists, a self-defeating behavior is any behavior that normally ends up with a result that is something the person doing the behavior doesn’t want to happen. If you are trying to accomplish some goal, and something you do makes it less likely that you will reach that goal, then that
Help-seeking behavior can be understood as the steps an individual, a couple, or a family takes to enter into a relationship with a counseling professional. There seems to be a gap between those who need counseling services and those who utilize them, which can be attributed to multiple factors across several dimensions. The understanding of
Behavior contracting is a well-established and evidence-based intervention in school psychology, rooted in the principles of operant conditioning and behaviorism. This educational strategy involves the creation of formal agreements specifying desired behaviors, clear objectives, and the consequences of their achievement or non-achievement. This article explores the fundamental principles and components of behavior contracting, the practical
Behavior intervention is a vital component of school psychology, aimed at understanding, assessing, and modifying behaviors in educational settings. This article explores the foundations of behavior intervention, encompassing its historical evolution and theoretical underpinnings, including behaviorism, cognitive-behavioral theory, and social learning theory. It delves into the critical process of behavior assessment, emphasizing the role of
Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is a vital framework within the realm of school psychology, with a deep-rooted historical evolution that underscores its theoretical foundations. This comprehensive approach rests on the principles of behavioral psychology and applied behavior analysis, employing a multi-tiered system to address the behavioral needs of students. This article explores the theoretical foundations
When crime is truly the product of rational choice, the offender commits the act for reasons of personal gain or gratification. His or her behavior is under his or her complete control. How and to what degree, however, might other factors intrude on and compromise his or her ability to exercise free will? The response
The behavior analysis interview (BAI) is a set of 15 predetermined standardized questions designed to elicit differential responses from innocent and guilty suspects at the outset of a police interview. Police investigators who are reasonably certain of a suspect’s guilt may submit the suspect to persuasive interrogation techniques meant to break down the suspect’s resistance;
Adaptive behavior assessment stands as a pivotal domain within the field of school psychology, playing a vital role in understanding and supporting the holistic development of students. This comprehensive article delves into the multifaceted world of adaptive behavior assessment in educational settings. Beginning with a historical perspective that traces the evolution of assessment tools and
This article on applied behavior analysis (ABA) in school psychology provides a comprehensive overview of this evidence-based approach’s critical role in educational settings. ABA, rooted in behaviorism, has a rich historical development, with early pioneers shaping its evolution in the context of school psychology. The article delves into the fundamental principles of ABA, emphasizing its
Hormones Definition A hormone is something produced in the body that circulates in the bloodstream and then influences the activity of living cells that are far from where it was produced. Because hormones travel to their target tissue, they are sometimes referred to as signaling molecules. For example, estrogen is produced by the ovaries, but
Helping Behavior Definition Helping behavior is providing aid or benefit to another person. It does not matter what the motivation of the helper is, only that the recipient is assisted. This is distinguished from the more general term prosocial behavior, which can include any cooperative or friendly behavior. It is also distinguished from the more
Modeling of Behavior Definition Modeling is one way in which behavior is learned. When a person observes the behavior of another and then imitates that behavior, he or she is modeling the behavior. This is sometimes known as observational learning or social learning. Modeling is a kind of vicarious learning in which direct instruction need
Antisocial Behavior Definition Antisocial behavior refers to actions that violate social norms in ways that reflect disregard for others or that reflect the violation of others’ rights. The major reason to study antisocial behavior is that it is harmful to people. Also, it raises issues of whether people are inherently prone to be harmful to others
Prosocial Behavior Definition Prosocial behavior is voluntary behavior intended to benefit another. Thus, it includes behaviors such as helping, sharing, or providing comfort to another. Prosocial behavior is evident in young children but changes in frequency and in its expression with age. Individual differences in prosocial behavior are caused by a combination of heredity, socialization
Definition The term antisocial behavior was originally defined as recurring violations of socially prescribed norms across a range of contexts (e.g., school, home, and community). Antisocial behaviors include verbal and physical aggression toward others, disregard for authority figures, readiness to break rules, and a breach of society’s social norms and mores. In the school setting
Applied behavior analysis is the scientific study of behaviors of social importance. Established principles of behavior, described in large part by B. F. Skinner through his meticulous empirical investigations with nonhuman animals, are applied to the improvement of behaviors about which people in our society care. Applied behavior analysis attempts to understand behavior through precise
Behavior therapy does not assume that, at their core, humans are inherently positive or negative. Behavior therapy assumes that, within biological constraints, humans are complex learners. Sometimes rich repertoires of positive behaviors are learned. Sometimes excesses (e.g., high anxiety or anger) or dysfunctional behaviors (e.g., substance use, aggressiveness, or inappropriate avoidance) are learned. Sometimes people
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a cognitive-behavioral treatment program originally developed by Marsha Linehan as a treatment for highly suicidal women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and other difficult-to-treat mental disorders. DBT draws its principles from behavioral science (e.g., reinforcement, classical conditioning), Zen mindfulness practices (e.g., quieting the mind and focusing attention), and dialectical philosophy
Exercise psychology has evolved from sport and health psychologies and has involved the study of psychological antecedents (e.g., motivational and other influences) and consequences (e.g., mental health effects) of participation or nonparticipation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). It is now widely recognized that a lack of MVPA (inactivity) is a major public health issue. It