Measurement is the process of quantifying the characteristics of a person or object. Theories of measurement help to explain measurement results (i.e., scores), thereby providing a rationale for how they are interpreted and treated mathematically and statistically. Classical test theory (CTT) is a measurement theory used primarily in psychology, education, and related fields. It was
Classical conditioning, a fundamental concept in psychology, holds substantial relevance within the field of school psychology. This article explores the essential principles of classical conditioning, its applications in understanding and shaping student behavior and emotions, and the ethical considerations in its use. It provides practical insights into the implementation of classical conditioning techniques in classroom
We are constantly making predictions about events that may happen in our environment and actively seeking information with predictive value. Predictability is so important that the signs used to make predictions also acquire affective value in their own right. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning is the mechanism that endows signals with predictive value and transforms them