This article explores the historical development of juvenile courts in the United States within the context of the criminal justice system. The introduction sets the stage by defining juvenile courts and highlighting their crucial role in the broader criminal justice framework. The first section traces the early roots of juvenile justice, examining its origins in
Career Development Quarterly (CDQ) is the premier English-language journal in career counseling and development and is the official journal of the National Career Development Association (NCDA). It was first published in 1911. CDQ publishes articles on career counseling, individual and organizational career development, work and leisure, career education, career coaching, and career management. Each article
Interest inventories are commonly used to assist high school and college students with vocational choices. However, the results of such instruments offer little value if the individual lacks the requisite attitudes and competencies required to make sound vocational decisions. The Career Development Inventory (CDI), created by Albert Thompson, Richard Lindeman, Donald Super, Jean Pierre Jordaan
How do talented children become elite adult athletes? Many young people start on the road toward becoming professional athletes, but few achieve this level of performance. The development of talent across a range of achievement domains, such as music, art, science, and sport, is a classic area of psychological research. Over the past 20 years
Training and development (T&D) activities identify and ensure, through planned learning programs, the development of key competencies that enable individuals to perform to the best of their ability, aptitude, and attitude on the job. The T&D functions have evolved to contend with and respond to social and economic events, as well as being highly influenced
Careers unfold over time. Leadership also develops over time and often over an entire career. For these reasons, when discussing leadership development (as with careers), there is an inherent longitudinal focus. Development implies change and growth. Leadership development is mainly concerned with the intrapersonal change and growth of individual leaders, as well as the relational
Motor development is the movement science discipline concerned with age-related changes in movement patterns and the underlying processes that drive those progressions. The changes in movement pattern tend to be sequential, occurring in a series of steps. In the early portion of the life span, change is from execution of simple (even though coordinated) movement
Moral development refers to the age-related developmental processes that individuals undergo as they become more knowledgeable, consistent, and responsive in their ethical functioning. Moral development includes cognitive, affective, volitional, and behavioral elements, and developmental lags in any of these areas can result in ethical violations. For example, an athlete who exhibits sophisticated thinking about ethical
The term character has a long, complex, and controversial history. An old adage holds that “sport builds character” and historically the inclusion of sport programs in educational settings often has been justified through appeal to their supposed character-building efficacy. The following entry elaborates on the meaning of character and discusses how sport researchers have dealt
The commercial information and communication technology (ICT) industry accounts for a large fraction of economic activity. It has spread to include an extraordinary range of economic undertakings. What drives economic change in this market? A variety of market-driven incentives play a salient role. Technology Push The invention of the transistor did not lead in a