The term downsizing represents the broad variety of ways in which organizational leaders reduce employee ranks to achieve business objectives. Downsizing occurs through voluntary programs, such as early retirement packages; involuntary dismissals, such as layoffs; and the displacement of employees through outsourcing. No matter which method is used, the underlying objective of a downsizing is
Downsizing, layoffs, and rightsizing are forms of organizational restructuring. Organizational restructuring refers to planned changes in organizational structure that affect the use of people. Organizational restructuring often results in workforce reductions that may be accomplished through mechanisms such as attrition, early retirements, voluntary severance agreements, or layoffs. The term layoffs is used sometimes as if