Performance enhancement is of major importance in competitive and elite sports. Among the many methods to enhance performance in sports, such as specialized training and diet regimes, some athletes seek resort to performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). Following the drug-related death of British cyclist Tom Simpson during the 1967 Tour de France, a controversy erupted concerning the
The World Health Organization defines obesity and overweight as the excessive accumulation of body fat and warns that both conditions pose serious threats to health by increasing the risk for chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Effective methods to counter obesity include changes in lifestyle, such as engagement in physical activity and exercise,
Recreational drugs refer to substances that are not used by athletes for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance. The health-related risks of such drugs are well known, and concern about such risks, fear of a failed drug test, and performance-related concerns are reasons many athletes choose not to use them. Nonetheless, issues associated with recreational