The goal of occupational health psychology (OHP) is to improve the quality of work life, and to protect and promote the health of workers and of their families. OHP is interdisciplinary, involving most areas of psychology and drawing upon fields such as public health, sociology, medicine, and industrial engineering. OHP is typically characterized as having
The link between social and occupational standing on the one hand and health on the other has long attracted interest. Michael Marmot has investigated this issue for over 30 years, a program of research for which he received a knighthood in the United Kingdom. In a diverse and broad collection of studies, Marmot and his
The developed world has transformed from industrialized societies organized around the production of goods by machines into technocracies: societies organized around evolution through the development of sophisticated technologies and the global flow of information through these technologies. Thus, Davis-Floyd has labeled its dominant health care paradigm “the technocratic model of medicine” to highlight biomedicine’s precise
Ethics is at the heart of health communication. Ethical issues are embedded in a wide array of health communication activities that aim to influence people’s health-related beliefs or behaviors. These activities include disseminating information about particular health risks, persuading people to adopt healthy lifestyles or to persuade others to adopt healthy lifestyles, and modeling healthy
The health belief model (HBM), prodigiously researched, has enjoyed sustained popularity amid evolving social norms, theories and models, and the recent developments of advanced technology influencing health behavior change. Developed by US Public Health Service social psychologists in the 1950s, the HBM was conceptualized to model the failure of individuals to engage in disease prevention
Health communication campaigns have long been a tool used to influence the health of the public in countries around the world. Campaigns are an organized set of communication activities to produce health effects or outcomes in a relatively large number of individuals, typically within a specified period of time (Rogers & Storey 1987). The history
The functions of modern mass media to give information, to provide orientation, and to promote health-related behaviors are widely recognized within the field of health communication. The media of television, radio, newspapers, and magazines influence intentionally or unintentionally, and mass media health campaigns are used purposively and effectively to change health practices. Nevertheless, the existing
The news media are an important source of health information, not just for the general public, but also for patients, for doctors and the medical community, for entertainment producers in search of story ideas, and for policymakers and funding organizations. Journalistic practices favor the use of established sources, so public health and medical journals are
Eliminating health disparities is one of the most pressing global health issues. In the United States, health disparities have been examined primarily as differences in groups based on racial, class, and ethnic classifications. Globally, the issue focuses on the differences between developing and developed nations in health status and access to state of the art
The association between education and health outcomes has been well documented, and education has historically been used as an indicator for socioeconomic status in epidemiological studies (Pamuk et al. 1998). Researchers hypothesize that education may protect against disease by influencing lifestyle behaviors, problem-solving abilities, and values. Other researchers have demonstrated a strong association between education
It is widely recognized that cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices vary among population sub-groups, and influence how members of a group seek, understand, process, communicate, and act upon information about health. Ignoring these cultural differences during health and medical system interactions can have serious consequences that lead to or exacerbate disparities in health status
Much has been written in recent years about the issues of disclosing and communicating health information (including genetic information) in biomedical research and medical practice. Various guidelines and policy statements have been adopted internationally, but these are contradictory and the criteria they set out sometimes vague. Given the complexity of the ethical landscape surrounding this
Health Care Careers Background The origins of medicine began with prehistoric people who believed that diseases were derived from supernatural powers. To destroy the evil spirits, they performed trephining, which involved cutting a hole in the victim’s skull to release the spirit. Skulls have been found in which the trephine hole has healed, demonstrating that
Although life expectancy at birth of women in western societies is significantly longer than that of men (e.g., 80 versus 74 years in the United States), women experience more sickness and non-fatal health problems than men (e.g., higher morbidity). Specific biological and behavioral explanations for these gender differences are largely unknown. It remains unclear whether
Development communication engages strategic social change in a variety of areas, yet a great proportion of resources in this field are allocated toward the field of health communication (Hemer & Tufte 2005). There is no universal strategic communication response to complex health-related challenges, but rather a framework of general principles, ranging from behavior change through
Occupational health nurses are registered nurses who care for people in the workplace. Although they treat illnesses, injuries, and health problems, they are also involved with safety and health issues and prevention programs. An occupational health nurse may be an employee of a business, institution, or corporation or may be self-employed on a contract or
Although the biotech industry is a relatively new source of medical therapies – its first new drug approvals came in the early 1980s – it has recently become a major source of drug industry growth and innovation. New biological entities (NBEs) have a significantly higher likelihood of being a first-in-class or novel introduction compared with
There is widespread acceptance of the idea that ‘‘sport is good for health.’’ The ideology linking health and sports has a long history and the promotion and maintenance of the health of schoolchildren has long been an area of concern to physical educators in Europe and America. Outline Exercise, Sport, and Health The Epidemiology of
This article addresses the distinctive challenges of planning, financing, implementing, and evaluating public health policies in low- and middle-income countries. By public health is meant the science and art of promoting and protecting health and well-being, preventing ill-health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society. A key feature of low and middle-income countries
The origins of public health can be found in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Many of the prominent themes in the writings of that era, such as Airs, Waters, and Places from the Hippocratic corpus, have echoes in today’s major concerns about how one can have health amid both climate change and an increasing burden
A fair society should give individuals equal opportunities to realize their own life project. Health is of utmost importance for the flourishing of individuals. It seems, therefore, self-evident that inequality in health should get an important place on the fairness agenda. Yet, this seemingly obvious statement raises difficult issues. First, is all inequality in health
Throughout the nineteenth century in the western world, home health care (HHC) existed to care for new mothers and those with infectious diseases. In the mid-twentieth century, HHC began to transform, as the proportion of older people in the general population steadily increased and with it the need for care for chronic degenerative diseases. The
Long-term care is a set of services delivered over a sustained period of time to people who lack some degree of functional capacity. Put alternatively, long-term care is the help needed to cope, and sometimes to survive, when physical and cognitive disabilities impair the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), such as eating
Recent work in economics suggests that adverse health shocks experienced in utero can have long-lasting effects. Studies have linked fetal health to a variety of outcomes in adulthood, such as schooling, labor market activity, and mortality. These studies have also identified a broad array of ‘nurture shocks,’ including ambient pollution levels, infectious disease, and mild
The idea of paying people to engage in healthy activities, and to refrain from unhealthy ones, gained some traction in the health policy discourse in several developed and developing countries toward the end of the 2000s. The concept itself is simple and is informed by one of the most basic features of standard economics, the
There is an established ‘healthy public policy’ agenda concerned with the social determinants of health, which recognizes that nonhealth sectors of public policy often have greater impacts on population health and health inequalities than health sector policies. This political agenda has been promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) since the 1980s (see Box 1)
In recent years there has been a surge in interest in models of imperfect competition in the labor market, and monopsony in particular (Boal and Ransom, 1997; Bhaskar et al., 2002; Manning, 2003; Ashenfelter et al., 2010; Manning, 2011). The term ‘monopsony’ was introduced by Joan Robinson in her 1933 book The Economics of Imperfect
Many developed countries require occupational licenses for everyone from surgeons to interior decorators. Licensing in effect creates a regulatory barrier to entry into licensed occupations, and thus results in higher income for those with licenses. However, licensing is assumed to protect the public interest by keeping incompetent and unscrupulous individuals from working with the public.
Dispensing medical drugs is a profession that combines the particularities of a professional service and retail industry. The focus here is on retail pharmacy, leaving aside the special character of hospital pharmacies. First, pharmacists are responsible for a range of professional services including offering advice and assistance to those receiving their medication. Pharmacists are responsible
Risk classification refers to the use of observable characteristics, such as gender, race, age, and behavior, to price or structure insurance policies. Risk classification potentially has undesirable consequences, including adverse effects on distributional equity. In dynamic settings, risk classification can also increase classification risk, which refers to the risk that an individual faces of being
Specialists have a unique position in the health system as they provide health-care services to patients and so are agents of patients, but in addition, they provide patients to, and order services from, other health-care providers (e.g., hospitals) and so are agents of other health-care providers as well. In the economics literature this situation is
The Concept Of Social Health Insurance Unlike private health insurance (PHI), ‘social’ health insurance (SHI) is characterized by three distinguishing features: Compulsory membership, at least for the great majority of the population. Community rating, i.e., premiums unrelated to individual risk. Open enrollment, i.e., even if the insurance market is competitively structured, an applicant cannot be
This article explores the economic theory and evidence regarding supplementary private health insurance in countries with national health insurance systems. It defines voluntary health insurance for the purpose of the article, and classifies the different roles played by voluntary private health insurance. It will then examine the economic literature on voluntary private health insurance, beginning
This overview starts by giving a brief introduction to the economic theory of advertising, including a short presentation of the two main models of advertising and discussion of how advertising affects market outcomes in light of these two models. These theoretical underpinnings are then used to discuss the causes and potential effects of advertising in
Concepts of health and illness in human society originated from traditional religious views about life and death. One of the first sociologists to study religion was Emile Durkheim, who found that distinctions between ideas about the sacred and profane were connected to notions of health and illness. Religious views of the sacred body, for example
Introduction There is an enormous literature evaluating and comparing health insurance systems around the world, which this article attempts to synthesize while emphasizing systems in developed countries. The authors’ approach is to provide an overview of the dimensions along which health insurance systems differ and provide immediate comparisons of various countries in tabular form. To
What Is Microinsurance? Microinsurance does not have a single accepted definition. However, two well-known sources provide high-level definitions and describe salient traits that help establish what microinsurance is and what it is not. These are introduced in this section and used throughout this article to anchor the discussion. Dror and Jacquier’s seminal work coined the
This article addresses the general topic of ‘managed care,’ which Kongstvedt, author of the standard reference on the topic, has characterized as ‘‘…..regrettably nebulous’’ but ‘‘…. at the very least,….is a system of health care delivery that tries to manage the cost of health care, the quality of that care, and access to care. Common
A number of countries mandate that individuals purchase health insurance, a policy referred to as mandatory health insurance (MHI). It requires that all or a large part of the population purchase health insurance, which covers a substantial part of healthcare costs. This article reviews the reasons for this policy, considers issues in implementing MHI, and
What Is Medicare? The US Medicare program began in 1965 to address issues of access to care for three groups of Americans: the aged, the disabled, and people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease). (The Medicaid program, also begun in 1965, covers low-income Americans.) Enrollees in Medicare
Private health insurers play a large role in providing financial protection against the high cost of medical care in the United States. In 2010, approximately 64% of the overall US population had some form of private health insurance. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA) project that aggregate private health
It is evident that lack of (or poor) insurance coverage is a barrier to access healthcare. Evidence that insurance status is linked to access to healthcare seems overwhelming: those with insurance always use substantially more than those without. Economists tend to be more skeptical, for the following two reasons: they question the causality behind the
Cost shifting exists when a hospital, physician group, or other provider raises prices for one set of buyers because it has lowered prices for some other buyer. The term has also been applied to managed care firms that are similarly said to have raised premiums for one set of purchasers because it had to lower
Introduction Institutional arrangements for health insurance long predate efficacious courses of therapy or even accurate diagnostic techniques. Let health insurance be a type of insurance in which the benefit payment is triggered by an adverse health event. Nowadays the payment is generally intended to pay the costs of health care: physicians and nurses, equipment, drugs
Introduction Historical Analysis of Health Insurance explored several frameworks for understanding the evolution of American thought about health insurance; examined the belief of traditional reformers that health insurance should serve as one of a cluster of measures designed to secure citizens from the risks posed by capitalistic markets; suggested that, in an environment of escalating healthcare
Introduction Given the central role that health insurance plays in the American healthcare systems, it is remarkable how short a time it has been with us. Many Americans alive today were born before modern health insurance became available in the United States around 1930. Although brief, the history of health insurance in the United States
The best known ‘facts’ about the macroeconomics of health are that rich nations are healthier and spend more on medical care than poor nations, but that additional wealth or spending may not add much to life expectancy after some threshold level has been exceeded (Figure 1(a)–(c)). A fact that receives insufficient attention is that any
Health status improvements over the past 400 years have been steady, with a surge over the last century that is nothing short of spectacular, and a period during which economic progress has soared. Vaccines, antibiotics, and other medical advances have contributed to reductions in illness (morbidity) and mortality. Economic growth has shown equally impressive gains
This article presents inference for many commonly used estimators – least squares, generalized linear models, generalized method of moments (GMM), and generalized estimating equations – that are asymptotically normally distributed. Section Inference focuses on Wald confidence intervals and hypothesis tests based on estimator variance matrix estimates that are heteroskedastic-robust and, if relevant, cluster-robust. Section Model
In 1990, development assistance for health (DAH) flowing from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries amounted to only US$4 billon accounted in the index year of 2009. This figure had increased to US$19 billion by 2010, although the year 2009 saw a decline in DAH perhaps due to the economic downturn in
Recent years have seen important shifts in global development assistance for health (DAH). Global health initiatives (GHIs) – consisting of bilateral donor and multilateral programs, and global public–private partnerships – have mobilized significant new financing for health programs, and equate to a considerable proportion of overall overseas development aid (ODA) for health in many low-
Public goods have, for centuries, been part of the economic analysis of government policy at the national level. This has included many goods associated with improving population health, such as water and sanitation. However, in an increasingly globalized world, health is an ever more international phenomenon. Each country’s health affects, and is affected by, events
The first section of this article reviews the risks associated with cross-border trade as well as legal consequences of trade treaties, focusing on World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. It also discusses three features of the WTO agreements, which provide space for addressing the tensions between the economic objectives of trade policy and public health objectives.
For use in cost-utility or cost-effectiveness analysis (CUA or CEA), evaluations of health outcomes in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) require judgments of the quality of life in different health states. The quality of life of a state is often referred to as its ‘individual utility.’ There are two main sources for estimating a state’s
Cost-effectiveness analyses of health interventions and policies are often conducted using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) as the metric for quantifying health outcomes. A related metric called disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) has been used to assess the burden of disease attributable to different causes as well as in cost-effectiveness analyses, especially those in low and middle-income settings.
The ‘willingness to pay’ (WTP) method was first applied in the health area in the famous study of WTP to avoid heart attacks, by Acton (1973). WTP for health is an issue in individual (personal) and societal (public) decision making about health care. The term usually refers to individuals’ willingness to spend money personally, i.e.
Health workers are at the center of health systems, and the health workforce plays a key role in increasing access to health services for populations in developing countries. There are numerous challenges in this critical area of health policy in developing countries. At the global level, a 2006 World Health Organization analysis found that an
A total of 7.6 million children and 287 000 mothers (2010 data) die every year, and approximately 95% of these deaths occurred in 75 countries with the highest burden of maternal and child deaths. Of these, more than two-thirds could be avoided if everyone had access to known effective interventions. Making such interventions available is
Health and nutrition outcomes are critical to the well-being of households and individuals and their economic productivity and prosperity. Although it seems evident that a debilitated worker will be less productive, there are numerous indirect, subtle, and complex pathways that link poor health and nutrition to economic output, such as sick children, or children of
Governments throughout the world intervene in the health sector. One motivation is that under Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights access to adequate healthcare is a fundamental human right. A second motivation is that the health sector is subject to many market failures, due to, for example, consumption externalities, imperfect information, and
Introduction Any society must come to a decision concerning the allocation of health resources, of which access to medical services, or health care, is the clearest focal point. For many theorists and ordinary citizens health care services are a ‘special’ type of good that should not be distributed on the market-based principle of ability to
Introduction: What Are Health Inequalities? Health inequalities are observed in all societies. Although some inequalities may be considered unavoidable, resulting from sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, and genes, many of these health inequalities are associated with socioeconomic characteristics that are potentially amenable to policy interventions and could be considered as avoidable. In Europe, measuring
Introduction Health economics is a relatively young sub discipline, and the measurement of inequalities in the health domain has only relatively recently received attention from health economists. Nevertheless, and perhaps unsurprisingly, the topic has a very long history outside health economics, in particular in public health, demography, sociology, and epidemiology. The notion of a ‘gradient
Introduction Health inequality can be defined as variations in health status across individuals within a population. To compare inequalities between countries or over time periods, it may be, for example, interesting to know how much more healthy the healthier individuals are than the unhealthy individuals. However, it may be more interesting to know how health
In the course of development, few processes are as intertwined with economic growth as human capital accumulation. Schooling makes workers more productive, speeds the development of new technologies, and better equips parents to raise skilled children, all of which promote economic growth. Growth, in turn, incentivizes investment in human capital. Causal links point in every
Background Normative Context In recent years, the concept of inequality of opportunity, rather than inequality of achieved states, has received growing attention in the economic literature. The simple advocacy of equal health, for example, fails to hold individuals accountable for their choices. This can be seen as significant limitation. Equality of opportunity co-opts one of
Being efficient means ‘doing something well without wasting time or energy.’ To economists, efficiency is a relationship between ends and means. What is important to note is that economists refer to the relationship between the value of the ends and means, not physical quantities. In economic terms, the value of using resources is equivalent to
In their seminal 1965 study, Kitagawa and Hauser documented that mortality in the US fell with education. Since then a very large number of studies have confirmed that the well-educated enjoy longer lives: for example, in 1980, individuals with some college education at the age of 25 years could expect to live another 54.4 years
/ Health Effects of Illegal Drug Use Introduction The potential health risks associated with using illicit drugs remain the key argument for maintaining their criminal status. And although many studies find that drug users are in worse health than nonusers, the proper interpretation of this evidence is contentious. This is because, in order to conclude
/ Intergenerational Effects On Health Introduction Today an understanding of health is not complete without considering the role of in utero and intergenerational effects. The recent popularity of the fetal origins hypothesis, asserting that early life influences through the fetal environment (e.g., nutritional deprivation) have latent long-run effects on health, has nudged economists to think
Introduction The first evidence of mortality being procyclical had been provided by Ogburn and Thomas during the 1920s – procyclical means increasing in good economic times and falling during periods of decline. Additional confirmatory analysis was supplied by Eyer during the 1970s. Nevertheless, until the preceding decade, the conventional wisdom was that health and macroeconomic
Introduction Mental illness is a common occurrence. Epidemiological evidence reveals that mental disorders are prevalent across more- and less-economically developed countries (WHO World Mental Health Consortium, 2004), and some mental health problems have been understood as being an illness since the time of Hippocrates. Mental disorders are known to have major consequences for longevity, quality
/ Peer Effects in Health Behaviors Introduction Health economists have long been interested in examining the determinants of, and potential policies for, reducing unhealthy behaviors in the population. Although a main focus in this area has historically been on issues of policy involving taxation, access restrictions, advertising, etc., a shift toward evaluating the basic social
Introduction A primary objective of environmental policies worldwide is to protect human health. Optimal policy design, however, is typically hampered by limited information regarding both the benefits and the costs associated with regulation. Benefits assessments frequently rely on translating laboratory findings to uncontrolled settings, extrapolating from high- to low- concentration exposures within and across societies
Health communication is the study and application of the generation, creation, and dissemination of health-related information, health-related interactions among individual social actors and institutions, and their effects on different publics including individuals, community groups, and institutions. The challenges inherent in disease prevention and health promotion warrant a multidisciplinary and multilevel approach that examines the role
The health science field has become one of the largest of the career clusters. Approximately 14 million people were employed in some aspect of the U.S. health care system in 2006, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Health care workers are employed as physicians, nurses, nursing aides, technicians, technologists, therapists, and in a host
Overview Advertising is ubiquitous, found on television and radio, newspapers and magazines, mail and flyers on the windshield, billboards and sports arenas, and now on the computer, and virtually no one is immune to being exposed to it. The American Marketing Association defines marketing, of which advertising is a subset, as ‘‘the activity, set of
Introduction What do economists add to the multidisciplinary discussion of addiction? In this article, economic theories of addiction, statistical evidence produced by economists on addictive behaviors, and resulting policy implications are described. The manner in which economists approach addictive behaviors differs in some ways from the approaches of other disciplines. Medical and public health research
Introduction Induced abortion is not an obvious topic in a section on health economics. Although being a common procedure, abortion does not contribute to rising medical expenditures or inflation. There were 1.1 million surgical abortions in the US in 2008, but the number of abortions has fallen overtime, although the inflation-adjusted cost of a first
/ Health at Advanced Ages Introduction This article examines how health and mortality at advanced ages evolves from conditions early in life. Here, the authors summarize the findings, examine econometric strategies to identify causal effects, and discuss the implications of the findings for public policies aimed at improving population health. The larger part of health
Introduction Alcohol is extremely prevalent in contemporary society. According to the World Health Organization, in 2005 the per capita alcohol consumption totaled 6.13 l of pure alcohol for every person age 15 and older worldwide. More than a quarter of this consumption is estimated to be from illegal or homemade production and thus not likely
/ Accreditation of Public Health Programs Accreditation is widely used in higher education in the United States as a nongovernmental means to evaluate colleges and universities and to evaluate and attest to the quality of an individual educational program that prepares students for entry into a recognized profession. Regional accrediting bodies, whose membership is made
/ Certification of Public Health Workers Since public health has such a broad scope, public health workers need many different skills. Most public health workers, however, have not been trained to deal with the problems they will face in the twenty-first century. The types of knowledge needed for the practice of public health include: 1)
/ Council on Education for Public Health The Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) is the recognized accrediting body for graduate schools of public health and graduate public health programs in U.S. institutions of higher education. Established in 1974 as an independent not-for-profit corporation, the council assumed the accreditation function from the American Public
/ Public Health Leadership Leadership is the process through which an individual tries to influence another individual or a group of individuals to accomplish a goal. Leadership is valued in our culture, especially when it helps to achieve goals that are beneficial to the population, such as the enactment of effective preventive health policies. An
Public health nursing is a specialized form of registered nursing that combines nursing and public health principles. According to the American Public Health Association, the primary focus of public health nursing is improving the health of the community as a whole rather than just that of an individual or family. Public health nursing is sometimes
Preparation for a career in public health usually requires formal training at the graduate level, typically resulting in a Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) degree. Career options for a person with an M.P.H. are varied, and there are many types of organizations that employ public health professionals. Historically, these have included mainly federal, state, and
Race interacts with health just as it does with other life determining, sociodemographic factors like class, gender, and age. Race is best understood as a shared set of cultural and social experiences common to people of the same skin color. Research has shown that the notion of distinct biological races is misleading because often more
Theories of health behavior change are needed to explain, predict, and improve self-regulation of physical activity. Such theories are being divided into continuum models and stage models. In continuum models, people are positioned along a range that reflects the likelihood of action. Influential predictor variables are identified and combined within one prediction equation. The goal
The health belief model, grounded in John Atkinson’s expectancy–value theory of achievement motivation, proposes that people are rational decision makers who, during decision making, take into consideration advantages and disadvantages associated with physical activity. The theory also posits that motivation is unidimensional and that the construct of intentions, which represents motivation, is one of the
In the era of the digital age, the landscape of health disclosure has undergone a profound transformation, shaping the dynamics of communication and information sharing within online spaces. This article delves into the intricate intersection of health psychology and digital platforms, exploring the evolving nature of health disclosure in the digital age. The introduction sets
The article explores the intricate relationship between health disparities and racial discrimination within the field of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of addressing health disparities and outlines the pervasive influence of racial discrimination in healthcare. The first section delves into the conceptual framework of health disparities, elucidating their measurement, and exploring multifaceted contributing
This article delves into the intricate interplay between cultural backgrounds and health beliefs within the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the pivotal role of health beliefs and their cultural underpinnings in shaping individuals’ perceptions of well-being. The first body section meticulously examines health beliefs in diverse cultures, exploring the ancient wisdom of Traditional
This article explores the intricate relationship between race and mental health stigma within the context of health psychology. The introduction delineates the definition and significance of mental health stigma, emphasizing the critical need to address its impact on diverse communities. The historical overview reveals the evolution of mental health stigma, underscoring racial disparities in its
This article delves into the intricate relationship between ethnicity and health care utilization within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the subject, the importance of studying ethnicity in health psychology is emphasized. The discussion is structured around three main sections, each exploring distinct factors that contribute to ethnic disparities in health
The Indian Health Service (IHS) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services responsible, since 1955, for providing federal health services to American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people. Its charge as the principal healthcare provider and health advocate for AI/ANs is to collaborate with federal entitlement programs, state or local
This article explores the intricate relationship between psychiatric disorders and oral health within the domain of health psychology. The introduction establishes the interconnectedness of mental and physical well-being, emphasizing the significance of oral health in the broader context of overall health. The first section delves into the bidirectional impact of psychiatric disorders on oral health
This article delves into the critical realm of mental health promotion in communities within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction that underscores the significance of mental health and its communal dimensions, the discourse navigates through an exploration of factors influencing mental health in communities, shedding light on socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental determinants.
Health is having quality of life in the physical, emotional, social, cognitive, and spiritual realms. The diseases that pose the most threat to achieving that quality of life are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. The factors that contribute to these diseases are integrally intertwined with the community and deeply connected to culture. Poverty, inadequate education
This article explores the pivotal role of health psychology in the realm of family planning within the broader context of public health. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of family planning, the narrative unfolds by delving into the psychological factors that influence individuals’ decisions regarding family planning, including cultural, religious, and societal influences, as
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health and the biopsychosocial perspective within the field of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of mental health in overall well-being and provides an overview of the holistic biopsychosocial perspective. The subsequent sections delve into the biological factors, scrutinizing neurobiological influences, genetic factors, and physiological aspects.
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health and chronic disease, shedding light on the profound impact psychological factors exert on the progression and management of long-term health conditions. Beginning with an elucidation of the significance of mental health interventions, the article delves into the psychological repercussions of chronic diseases, emphasizing the role of
This article delves into the crucial role of health psychology in asthma interventions, examining the complex interplay between psychosocial factors and asthma outcomes. Beginning with an exploration of the prevalence and impact of asthma, the introduction sets the stage for an in-depth investigation into the multifaceted relationships between stress, anxiety, and asthma symptoms. The first
This article explores the intricate interplay between mental health and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) within the realm of health psychology. The introduction outlines the significance of understanding psychological factors in CAD, setting the stage for a detailed examination in three key areas. The first section investigates how mental health factors, including depression, anxiety, stress, and
The Health Belief Model (HBM) was originally developed in the 1950s as a way of understanding apparent resistance to seeking preventive treatment in the form of inoculations and screenings for communicable diseases. It can be described as an organizing framework for predicting acceptance of public and individualized health behavior recommendations. Thus, it appears to have
Mental health law was first conceived as a separate field of law in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Before then, laws certainly existed on various topics later subsumed within mental health law. These included the law governing civil commitment, guardianship, the legal insanity defense, and incompetency to stand trial, among others. The common law
This article explores the critical role of mental health consultation within the field of school psychology. It delves into the historical foundations, theoretical underpinnings, and the process of conducting mental health consultation in educational settings. Highlighting the impact of mental health consultation on students’ well-being, academic success, and school climate, the article emphasizes the need
Mental health courts are specialty criminal courts with a separate docket to deal with mentally ill persons, who are disproportionately arrested and incarcerated. Established by local court and criminal justice officials who recognized that traditional prosecution and punishment were not effective deterrents with this population, these courts divert mentally ill defendants into community treatment with
Recently, researchers and juvenile justice administrators have recognized that rates of mental health disorders are remarkably high among adolescent offenders. This finding carries significant implications for policy and practice. Youth justice facilities are mandated to provide necessary mental health treatment to detained adolescent offenders with mental health needs. Furthermore, mental disorders may interfere with youths’
Health insurance often seems confusing and can be difficult to navigate for even the most knowledgeable consumer. It is one of the most talked about topics in political elections and has received considerable media attention because of the rules and restrictions placed on people who have insurance and the plight of the growing numbers of
This article explores the multifaceted challenges surrounding women’s health in marginalized communities within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an examination of the socio-economic determinants influencing health disparities, the discussion explores issues of access to healthcare, educational inequalities, and income disparities. Subsequently, the article explores specific health concerns affecting women in marginalized communities, emphasizing
This article explores the imperative of adopting public health approaches to address the multifaceted challenge of addiction. Beginning with an examination of the epidemiology of addiction, the first section delves into prevalence rates, risk and protective factors, and the broad impact of addiction on public health. Subsequently, the article navigates through prominent public health models
This article explores the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in preventive health within the context of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the historical development and core components of the HBM, the discussion delves into the model’s theoretical underpinnings and psychological constructs. The heart of the article lies in the examination of
This article explores the complex landscape of Urban-Rural Health Disparities within the domain of health psychology. Defined as systematic differences in health outcomes between urban and rural populations, this phenomenon is of paramount importance, given its multifaceted implications for individual and community well-being. The introduction delineates the conceptual framework, emphasizing the critical significance of this
This article delves into the realm of health promotion in school settings, elucidating its significance and multifaceted dimensions within the context of health psychology. Beginning with a definition of health promotion in educational environments, the article underscores the pivotal role schools play in shaping the well-being of students. The theoretical foundations section examines key psychological
This article delves into the multifaceted landscape of mental health disorders during pregnancy, offering a nuanced exploration of their prevalence, contributing factors, and potential interventions. The introduction elucidates the importance of addressing mental health in pregnancy, highlighting the relevance of hormonal changes, psychosocial stressors, and past mental health history as significant factors contributing to these
This article delves into the intricate intersection of mental health challenges and the experience of individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Beginning with an exploration of the emotional repercussions upon diagnosis, it scrutinizes coping mechanisms, the pervasive effects of stigma, and the looming fear of social isolation. The second section delves into treatment-related mental health challenges, examining
This article delves into the intricate concept of reactivity within the realm of health behavior change interventions, exploring its multifaceted dimensions and implications. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of health behavior change interventions, setting the stage for an in-depth analysis of reactivity in subsequent sections. The first section elucidates the definition and conceptualization of
This article explores the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in the realm of chronic disease management within the field of health psychology. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of the HBM, its historical development, and its significance in the broader context of health psychology. The theoretical framework section delves into the intricate components
This article explores the pivotal role of mental health promotion in public health, emphasizing the significance of integrating psychological principles into preventive strategies. Beginning with an introduction delineating the concept and importance of mental health promotion, the article delves into theoretical frameworks such as the Ottawa Charter, elucidating their application to mental health promotion. Strategies
This article explores the dynamic intersection of technology and health education and promotion within the field of health psychology. Beginning with a historical overview, it traces the evolution of technology’s role in disseminating health information, emphasizing the transformative impact of digital platforms. The discussion then explores the myriad benefits offered by technology in health education
This article explores the pivotal role of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in understanding and influencing screening behaviors within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an in-depth introduction to the historical development and theoretical foundations of HBM, the article proceeds to elucidate the model’s significance in the context of preventive healthcare and screening behaviors.
This article explores the pivotal role of communities in influencing health and well-being within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to health psychology and the significance of community dynamics, the article explores theoretical frameworks such as social support and cognitive theories, providing a foundation for understanding the complex interplay between community and
This article delves into the interplay between public health campaigns and behavior change within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes a foundational understanding of public health campaigns, highlighting their significance in fostering behavior change for improved population health. The first section explores key theoretical frameworks such as Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model
This article explores the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a pivotal framework in health psychology for predicting health behaviors. Beginning with an elucidation of the model’s historical background and development, the article delves into the multifaceted components of HBM, including perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Examining the model’s application in various
This article explores the nuanced landscape of mental health issues specific to women within the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the significance of gender-focused mental health exploration, setting the stage for a thorough examination across three interconnected domains. The first section explores biological factors, elucidating the intricate relationship between hormonal fluctuations, reproductive events
This article delves into the relationship between mental health and quality of life within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of the definitions and interconnections of mental health and quality of life, the introduction emphasizes their pivotal roles in individual well-being and broader societal implications. The subsequent sections intricately dissect the psychological
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health disorders and suicide, illuminating the multifaceted aspects of this pressing public health concern within the realm of health psychology. Commencing with an overview of the gravity of suicide as a societal challenge, the article systematically examines the prevalence of mental health disorders in suicide cases, elucidating
This article delves into the intricate intersection of technology and health promotion interventions within the realm of health psychology. The introduction navigates through the evolution of technology in healthcare, emphasizing its pivotal role in shaping contemporary health promotion strategies. The body of the article systematically explores the integration of various technologies, assessing their effectiveness and
This article explores the role of self-efficacy in health behavior change within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with a comprehensive exploration of the origins and development of the self-efficacy concept, the discussion highlights Albert Bandura’s seminal contributions and the interconnectedness between self-efficacy and health behaviors. The theoretical underpinnings are elucidated through the lenses of
This article explores the intricate domain of psychoneuroendocrinology, a pivotal field within health psychology that investigates the complex interplay between psychological processes, neural functions, and endocrine activity in both health and disease. Beginning with an overview and historical context, the discussion delves into the hormonal regulation of behavior and emotions, spotlighting the critical roles of
This article explores the complex relationship between workplace health and socioeconomic status within the context of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction highlighting the significance of workplace health and socioeconomic status, the article delves into a thorough examination of both constructs individually. It scrutinizes the components of socioeconomic status—income, education, and occupation—and reviews extensive literature
This article explores the pivotal role of health literacy in promotion programs within the field of health psychology. The introduction delineates the concept of health literacy, elucidating its significance in the context of public health promotion. The subsequent body of the article scrutinizes the multifaceted impact of low health literacy on health outcomes, followed by
This article explores the complex relationship between health literacy and socioeconomic status (SES) within the domain of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the critical role of health literacy and establishes the significance of SES in influencing health outcomes. The first body section explores the reciprocal impact of health literacy and SES, elucidating the existing literature
This article on women’s health across the lifespan explores the multifaceted dimensions of female well-being from childhood to advanced age, employing a lifespan perspective within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the significance of studying women’s health and provides an overview of the lifespan approach. The body of the article is divided into
This article delves into the domain of workplace health promotion and wellness within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of the historical context and evolution of workplace health initiatives, the article emphasizes the crucial role such programs play in enhancing overall well-being. Theoretical frameworks such as the Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive
The field of health psychology plays a pivotal role in shaping public health outcomes through effective health promotion campaigns. At the heart of these campaigns lies the Health Belief Model (HBM), a theoretical framework that elucidates the cognitive processes influencing health-related decision-making. This article provides an exploration of the HBM, delving into its historical roots
This article explores the realm of Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) within the context of health psychology, examining their theoretical foundations, diverse typologies, and empirical efficacy. The introduction contextualizes the significance of DHIs in contemporary healthcare, setting the stage for an exploration of behavior change theories and cognitive-behavioral models that underpin their design. The subsequent section
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health interventions and immune modulation within the framework of psychoneuroimmunology. Beginning with an elucidation of psychoneuroimmunology, the first section examines the central nervous system’s role in immune function and the impact of psychological factors on immune response. The subsequent section delves into specific mental health interventions, such
This health psychology article explores the crucial aspect of mental health support for organ donors within the context of organ donation processes. The introduction outlines the significance of health psychology in understanding and addressing the psychological challenges faced by organ donors. The body of the article delves into the psychological impact of organ donation, examining
This article explores the multifaceted landscape of risk communication within health settings, employing a rigorous examination of theoretical foundations, communication channels, and ethical considerations. The introduction defines risk communication and underscores its paramount importance in the realm of health psychology. The first section delves into foundational theoretical frameworks such as the Health Belief Model, Social
The article explores the multifaceted health benefits of the relaxation response within the domain of health psychology, examining its physiological, psychological, and behavioral implications. Commencing with an introduction to the relaxation response, encompassing its definition and historical roots, the discourse explores the pivotal role it plays in mitigating stress—a ubiquitous and detrimental factor in contemporary
This article explores the intricate dimensions of health anxiety and hypochondriasis within the framework of health psychology. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of these conditions, elucidating their definitions, historical context, and their pivotal role in health psychology. The first section explores Health Anxiety, delineating its diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and multifaceted etiological factors, encompassing psychological
This article delves into the intricate relationship between public health policies and mental health, providing a comprehensive examination of their impact on individuals and communities. The exploration unfolds through three key dimensions. Firstly, the article scrutinizes the influence of healthcare accessibility on mental health outcomes, emphasizing the pivotal role of policies in shaping equitable access
This article explores the application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in understanding vaccine uptake within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the HBM, the discussion emphasizes its relevance in predicting health behaviors, particularly the decision-making process surrounding vaccination. The theoretical foundation section delves into the core components of the HBM
This article explores the pivotal role of community-based health promotion strategies within the realm of health psychology. The introduction highlights the foundational concepts of health psychology and emphasizes the significance of community-focused interventions. The first section delves into the theoretical underpinnings of community-based health promotion, emphasizing the importance of community involvement and applying models such