The definition of “international communication” is constantly in flux. Whether we have in view sociologist Émile Durkheim’s suggestion in his classic work Elementary forms of religious life (1917) that relations between different Aboriginal tribes constituted international communication, or historians’ and political scientists’ studies of diplomacy among modern nation-states, or the rush of contemporary theorizing on
Historically, interest in international psychology dates back to professional affiliations created in Paris over a century ago at the First International Congress of Psychology. Since then, a variety of organizations continue to support the professional interests of psychology worldwide (e.g., the American Psychological Association’s [APA’s] Division 17— International Special Interests Group, and Division 52—International Psychology).
Clearly, the world is rapidly changing and becoming a global village with increased interdependence, communication, travel, migration, and trade between countries. This entry summarizes the international developments in counseling psychology in the United States and worldwide. In the United States The U.S. counseling profession has a long and distinguished history, evolving from the vocational guidance
Test use is an international enterprise. Tests are used widely in education, industry, government—including the military—and in other institutions to assist in decision making. The International Test Commission (ITC) was established in 1976 to address three test-related issues at an international level: test purchase by unauthorized persons, the questionable quality of some tests, and the