Issue management in politics refers to the process by which politicians, campaigns, parties, and other political groups identify, prioritize, develop, and convey positions on key issues. A fundamental early step in effective political issue management involves formative research where groups investigate the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of target audiences concerning policy preferences and problems. Some
Knowledge management (KM) is a key concept in today’s business world. While there is an element of fashion in its appearance toward the end of the 1990s (Swan et al. 1999), many of the world’s most successful corporations, businesses, and organizations are investing considerable resources in this enterprise (Alvesson & Karreman 2001). These knowledge projects
The core task of media management is to build a bridge between the general theoretical disciplines of management and the specificities of the media industry. Media management is, however, neither a clearly defined nor a cohesive field but rather a loose agglomeration of work by researchers from various scientific fields. The syllabi from the rash
Given that the experience of uncertainty, in some form, is a part of nearly every interaction, it should come as no surprise that new theoretical efforts to understand it are foundational to the study of interpersonal communication and continue unabated today. Uncertainty reduction theory (URT; Berger & Calabrese 1975) served as the field’s initial, and
As a fundamental interpersonal process, impression management is an important concept in any communication context. Impression management refers to the process of editing, packaging, and communicating information to control one’s own images as perceived by other people. Studies have shown that people use impression management to influence others, and that it eventually affects the overall
Impression management (IM) is the process by which people attempt to influence the images that others have of them. That is, IM describes the many strategies that individuals use in an attempt to be seen in a certain way or to create a particular impression in others’ minds. Related concepts include self-presentation, influence tactics, organizational
Waste Management Careers Background Most people rarely give a second thought to garbage. We throw away what we don’t need, and it is “out of sight, out of mind.” But were the waste-management industry to grind to a halt, Americans would quickly discover how much our way of life has come to depend on someone
Something like 25 percent of US university students currently major in business or management, and in the UK, 30 percent of under graduates study some management. Elsewhere, business and management education is expanding its scope. A Chinese government minister is said to have recently called for a million MBA (Master of Business Administration) graduates to
The term “mood management” stands for a theory that aims to predict people’s choices from media messages. The audience is confronted with an enormous diversity of media channels and messages, thus selectivity in media use is inevitable. Hence, a classic key question in communication research is what drives the choices made by media users. Mood-management
The equal sharing of financial resources and, hence, material well-being has become an assumed norm of contemporary heterosexual families. Of course, this is not to say that hetero sexual couples actually enjoy financial equality or that they share a similar standard of living. In fact, as Pahl (1989) pointed out over 15 years ago, the
Classroom management refers to teacher behaviors which “produce high levels of student involvement in classroom activities, minimal amounts of student behaviors that interfere with the teacher’s or students’ work, and efficient use of instructional time” (Emmer & Evertson 1981, 342). Studies continually reveal a significant relationship between time spent on the subject content and student
Knowledge management seeks to increase organizational capability to use knowledge as a source of competitive advantage. The field has risen to prominence along with the ”knowledge worker,” who is someone who does work which involves knowledge which is socially complex, causally ambiguous, and tacit. Relevant theories include social capital theory and the resource based view
Issue management is a systematic procedure that helps organizations to identify, analyze, and respond to external or internal concerns that can significantly affect them. On this note, strategic issue management is a managerial function, which creates the information bases for a proactive examination of (potentially) critical themes that can limit strategic scope. It has to
For as long as people have been exchanging goods and services for payment of some sort, business transactions have been a part of life. All businesses can be defined as organizations that provide customers with the goods and services they want. Most businesses attempt to make a profit, that is, make more money than it
Change management in the context of organizations is the process of planning, directing, and controlling a transition from one set of organizational conditions to another. Change management has been studied for many years in the management and organization studies disciplines. It has not traditionally been considered a communication process, although models of change management typically
For some, communication management is a special way of managing; for others it is the steering of all communications in the context of the organization; for yet others it is the same as public relations (PR), i.e. managing communication itself. This article features the second approach, i.e., communication management as the steering of all communications
On being asked to define strategic management, the temptation is to respond by asking what is not strategic in management. In other words, as soon as the idea of management is addressed, it is necessary to see it as strategic, although clearly much of management is about managing organizational routines. Such a response begs the
The top management teams (TMT) literature concerns itself with the study of the most senior teams of executive directors in both private and public sector organizations. These teams are studied in terms of their makeup, their activities, and the extent to which either of these variables has a causal relationship with organizational performance. Top management
A key aim of change management is to manage processes towards a future that, even when anticipated and planned for, can never be fully foreseen. It is a paradox that continues to generate considerable debate and conceptual and definitional confusion. Defining Change Management There are many different definitions of change management. Simple definitions tend to
Operations management is a discipline that is seen by some as caught between the pragmatic and the theoretical. In common with its cognate disciplines such as operational/operations research and information systems – and indeed systems thinking more generally – there is often an uneasy tension between the need to be able to carry out research
Introduction Many perspectives can be taken to look at physician practice behaviors. Other articles in this section of the site and in the literature (e.g., by McGuire, Chandra, Cutler, and Song) provide extensive information on multiple approaches to studying physician practice. In general, empirical studies of physician practice behaviors build on administrative data which contain
Leadership is the process by which a leader influences another person or group and focuses the followers’ behavior on a goal or outcome. Persuading a subordinate to clean up his or her work area could be seen as a form of leadership, as could convincing hundreds of people to volunteer for disaster relief work. Influencing
This article explores the pivotal role of behavioral management in dementia care within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to dementia and its profound impact, the article delineates the complex behavioral changes associated with the condition, emphasizing the challenges faced by caregivers. Theoretical foundations, such as person-centered care and behavioral interventions, form
The term time management became familiar in the 1950s and 1960s as referring to a tool to help managers make better use of available time. The tool was based on practical experience, in the form of dos and don’ts. The term appears to indicate that time is managed, but actually activities are managed over time.
This article delves into the realm of pain management techniques in dentistry from a health psychology perspective, recognizing the intricate interplay between psychological factors and the experience of dental pain. The introduction contextualizes the significance of pain management in dental care, setting the stage for an exploration of psychological dimensions in dental settings. The first
Managing one’s experience with cancer requires coping with diagnostic procedures, treatment protocols, uncertainty in prognosis and recurrence, and often a reduced capacity to engage in normal, daily activities. These external and internal demands may seem overwhelming at times and challenge an individual’s ability to cope. The term coping has been defined by Richard Lazarus and
Many companies use scores from personality tests when evaluating job applicants. Meta-analytic evidence suggests that scores from well-developed personality tests are predictive of job performance and other organizationally relevant outcomes, with the strongest findings observed across settings for the trait of conscientiousness. A potentially important issue with many personality tests, however, is the accuracy of
This article in health psychology explores stress management techniques specifically tailored for individuals facing the challenges of cancer. The introduction sets the stage by defining stress within the cancer context and emphasizing the critical role of stress management in cancer treatment. The body of the article delves into the intricate relationship between stress and cancer
This article explores the behavioral management of fatigue symptoms within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the prevalence and significance of fatigue, the article delves into the intricate interplay of psychological, physiological, and behavioral factors contributing to fatigue. The first section elucidates the role of stress, sleep quality, sedentary lifestyle, and
This article in the field of health psychology delves into the critical domain of stress management for individuals coping with arthritis. The introduction provides a concise overview of arthritis, illuminating the intricate relationship between this chronic condition and heightened stress levels. The subsequent sections unfold with a detailed exploration of the physiological impact of stress
This article explores the multifaceted realm of behavioral management in the context of asthma within the field of health psychology. Commencing with an elucidation of asthma, its prevalence, and consequential health implications, the introduction sets the stage for an examination of behavioral factors that influence asthma, including stress, health behaviors, and psychological factors. The subsequent
Conflict in organizations has received considerable attention in the business, psychology, and communication literatures. Nevertheless, a concise definition of conflict is lacking across studies and disciplines. In fact, researchers often provide definitions that differ from one study to another or fail to define conflict as it is measured in their studies. There is some agreement
This article on pain management post-injury delves into the intricate interplay between psychological factors and the experience of pain, offering a nuanced exploration of the cognitive, emotional, and perceptual dimensions influencing pain perception. Drawing from prominent pain theories such as the Gate Control Theory and Neuromatrix Theory, the article elucidates their implications for effective pain
Scientific management is the umbrella term for practice and research that advocates making organizations more efficient by systematically working to improve the efficiency of workers. The work of individuals associated with this movement, such as Frederick Winslow Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt, lives on in the current management approaches of statistical process
Impression Management Definition Impression management refers to the activity of controlling information to steer others’ opinions in the service of personal or social goals. Although people can manage impressions of almost anything (e.g., a clothing brand, a political position), people most commonly manage the impressions others form of themselves, a subtype of impression management that
Hans Selye first introduced the concept of stress in 1926. In his early work, Selye defined stress as a bodily response to overuse or damage. Modern definitions view stress as a response to internal or external factors that are perceived as threatening. Refinements in this field have led to the use of two terms: stressor
Terror Management Theory Definition Terror management theory is an empirically supported theory developed to explain the psychological functions of self-esteem and culture. The theory proposes that people strive to sustain the belief they are significant contributors to a meaningful universe to minimize the potential for terror engendered by their awareness of their own mortality. Cultures
Error Management Theory Definition One of the great challenges for humans is figuring out what is going on in other people’s minds. People don’t always disclose exactly what they are thinking, they can behave in very ambiguous ways, and sometimes they can be downright deceptive. For example, when a woman smiles at a man, is
Stress management refers to the environmental, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral techniques employed by an individual to manage the factors and components that underlie the stress process or experience of stress. A primary goal of stress management in sport is to allow the athlete to effectively regulate competition related demands to facilitate optimal performance as well
This article explores the intricate relationship between stress and chronic disease within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the prevalence and impact of chronic diseases on mental health, emphasizing the significance of stress management as a pivotal aspect of holistic healthcare. The first section scrutinizes existing literature, elucidating stress’s role as a contributing
Mindfulness-Based Pain Management (MBPM) represents a burgeoning field within health psychology aimed at addressing the pervasive challenges of chronic pain. This article explores the multifaceted relationship between mindfulness and pain perception, elucidating the underlying cognitive and emotional processes that mediate the effects of mindfulness on pain experience. Delving into various mindfulness-based interventions, including Mindfulness-Based Stress
This article on stress management in children and adolescents explores the multifaceted aspects of stress experienced by young individuals, examining developmental factors, common stressors, and the physiological responses they evoke. The exploration of stress’s adverse effects encompasses physical health consequences, psychological impacts, and social implications, shedding light on the intricate interplay between stress and overall
This article explores the multifaceted domain of pain management within the context of palliative care, focusing on the integration of psychological considerations for comprehensive patient care. The introduction delineates the importance of palliative care and underscores the pivotal role of effective pain management, emphasizing the necessity of addressing psychological dimensions. The first section delves into
This article explores the realm of stress management techniques tailored specifically for employees within the framework of health psychology. Commencing with an exploration of workplace stress, the discussion unfolds to elucidate the multifaceted causes of stress, encompassing job demands, interpersonal conflicts, and organizational factors. The subsequent section meticulously examines the deleterious effects of stress on
This article on pediatric pain management strategies delves into the multidimensional nature of addressing pain in children, emphasizing the integration of biological, psychological, and social factors. Beginning with an exploration of pediatric pain’s developmental nuances, the biopsychosocial approach is dissected, detailing biological aspects, pharmacological interventions, cognitive-behavioral strategies, and psychosocial support. The subsequent section illuminates non-pharmacological
This article explores the complex relationship between stress and smoking cessation within the realm of health psychology. Acknowledging the pervasive challenge posed by stress in impeding successful smoking cessation, the discussion commences by elucidating the complex physiological and psychological mechanisms that underscore the link between stress and smoking relapse. Through a critical review of existing
This article explores the intricate domain of the perception of pain and its effective management within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with a nuanced definition of pain, the introduction outlines the significance of studying pain perception and management. The subsequent sections delve into the multifaceted nature of the perception of pain, dissecting the psychological