The transtheoretical model is an integrative model of behavior change, combining key constructs from other theories. The model describes how people modify a problem behavior or acquire a positive behavior. It has been very influential in guiding the design of behavior change interventions during the last two decades. The central organizing construct of the model
The earner-carer model is a fundamentally gender egalitarian welfare state approach, which assumes that men and women equally engage in both caregiving and paid employment (Gornick & Meyers 2003). Welfare state structures always rest on gendered assumptions about men’s and women’s roles in the family and workplace. Through social policies, such gender ideologies reflect but
The contingency theory of strategic conflict management, which began as an elaboration, qualification, and extension of the value of symmetry propounded in the excellence theory, has, over the last decade, come into its own and emerged as an empirically tested perspective. This article consolidates the maturation and advances of the theory. Much of the literature
Models display a wide variety of products and services in print, such as magazines and newspapers; television; and live marketing. Industrial models are used in all advertising media to sell every kind of product or service imaginable. Fashion models display clothing and fashion accessories in fashion shows, apparel catalogs, and retail stores. A small segment
Public relations (PR) is a strategic management function responsible for cultivation of good relations between an organization and its strategic constituencies (stakeholders and publics). The ultimate goal of public relations is social harmony. The co-orientation model of public relations assumes that organizations prefer harmony to conflict and that they can use communication for that purpose.
An established model of leadership in sports is Packianathan Chelladurai’s multidimensional model of leadership (MML). This model was the substance of a doctoral dissertation in management science. It represented a synthesis and reconciliation of the models of leadership found in the mainstream management literature. These preexisting models tended to focus more on either the leader
The situational leadership (SL) theory, developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, is one of the most widely known frameworks for explaining managerial effectiveness. Although the framework is particularly popular among practicing managers and professional trainers, it has not enjoyed comparable attention from the academic community of industrial/organizational researchers. Nonetheless, the theory is recognized among
There are several prevailing models that connect psychological factors and sport injury, each with slightly different perspective on relevant biological, psychological, or social factors. Moreover, prevailing models have typically focused either on incorporating psychosocial factors in predicting and preventing sport injury incidence or upon identifying psychosocial factors associated with injury recovery and rehabilitation outcomes. Extensive
The three-dimensional model of attribution posits that the explanations people give for the things that happen to them can vary on three distinct factors, and these variations have consequences for people’s mood, self-perception, and well-being. Attributions can be stable (true across time) or unstable (temporary); they can be internal (stemming from the person) or external
The integration of professional practice with scientific thinking and research has been a defining characteristic of professional psychology since its inception, although it was first formally articulated as part of the doctoral training model at the Boulder conference in 1949. The scientist-practitioner model has been central to counseling psychology identity and training since its endorsement
The heuristic-systematic model is a theory of persuasion that suggests attitudes can change in two fundamentally different ways. One way is through systematic processing, whereby people think carefully about any available information when forming an opinion to determine whether the information is accurate or valid. Attitudes are then based on the conclusions from this careful
The Biopsychosocial Model is a comprehensive framework in health psychology that acknowledges the intricate interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in influencing an individual’s health and well-being. This article provides a thorough exploration of the model, starting with its definition, historical context, and significance in health psychology. The biological component delves into the role
The notion of a team mental model was introduced in 1990 to account for the fluid, implicit coordination frequently observed in effective teams and to advance the understanding of how teams function in complex, dynamic, and ambiguous situations. For example, the seemingly effortless execution of a blind pass in basketball illustrates a well-known situation in
This article on biopsychosocial model in rehabilitation represents a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing health-related challenges by considering the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. This article explores the historical development and significance of the model, delving into each component individually. The biological section investigates the impact of genetics, medical conditions, and physical
The model minority myth refers to a set of stereotypes that are composed of several positive qualities purportedly unique to all Asian Americans. Asian Americans represent a very diverse population in the United States, with approximately 29 distinct ethnic groups differing in languages, religions, and customs. However, the model minority myth tends to generalize more
Much of the work in organizations is accomplished through teams. It is therefore crucial to determine the factors that lead to effective as well as ineffective team processes and to better specify how, why, and when they contribute. Substantial research has been conducted on the variables that influence team effectiveness, yielding several models of team
The lens model originated in Egon Brunswik’s concept of probabilistic functionalism, which is primarily a theory of perception. Brunswik was convinced that the methods of psychological research during the first half of the 20th century were wrongheaded, especially with regard to the “rule of one variable,” which many held was the only way to do
Decision Model of Helping Definition The decision model of helping, introduced in The Unresponsive Bystander by Bibb Latane and John Darley, outlines a process of five steps that will determine whether a bystander will act or not in a helping situation. This model is also intended to offer a counterargument to the proposition that people
According to the scientist-practitioner model, psychologists are both practitioners who apply knowledge and scientists who base their activities on sound research in the profession. Some individuals may function more fully as scientists, conducting research and publishing their findings, whereas others may devote their lives to its application, but each has a keen respect for the
To better explain how jurors make decisions in trial, psychologists have proposed a variety of decision-making models. Some research has examined the decision-making process at the jury level, but the majority of research has examined juror decision-making processes at the individual level. These models are typically grouped into two categories: explanation-based models and mathematical models.
The contingency model of leadership is a model of leadership effectiveness that predicts group performance will be based on the interplay between leadership style and various situational factors. Because different leadership styles work more effectively in certain situations than in others, the model predicts optimal group performance will result when a leadership style accords with
Sometimes people’s attitudes predict their behavior and sometimes they don’t. Most people have a positive attitude toward donating money to charity, but they don’t tend to give their hard-earned cash away whenever a charitable organization requests it. Similarly, many White individuals harbor a negative prejudice toward Blacks, but they often treat many Black individuals they
Auto-Motive Model Definition The auto-motive model as proposed by John Bargh in 1990 describes the complete sequence of goal pursuit— that is, reaching a goal—as a process taking place outside of conscious awareness and control. The term motive is chosen to encompass goals, motives, and values, yet in most cases, research has focused on goals
Personality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are relatively enduring across the life span. The history of personality psychology has witnessed the birth of numerous traits and trait models of personality. In the 1980s and 1990s, the five-factor model (FFM) ascended to popularity and is considered by many personality psychologists to offer
To differentiate and integrate both the selection and realization of goals, the Rubicon model of action phases was developed. The model describes successful goal pursuit as solving four consecutive tasks: choosing between potential goals, planning the implementation of a chosen goal, acting on the chosen goal, and assessing what has been achieved by acting on
The five-factor model of personality (FFM; often referred to as the Big Five model) is an empirically derived approach that organizes the structure of personality into five broad factors: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Numerous studies have been conducted on the model and many of these lend support for the existence of
The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) was originally developed by James O. Prochaska and Carlo C. DiClemente for understanding the stages and processes of smoking cessation and over the past 3 decades has been broadly applied for understanding change across a variety of behaviors, including exercise and physical activity. The TTM was developed to
The strength model of self-control was proposed by Roy Baumeister, an eminent social psychologist, to describe how individuals can control their behavior, automatic tendencies, and natural desires in order to achieve long-term goals and conform to socially prescribed codes of behavior and norms. In this model, the terms self-control and self-regulation are used interchangeably to
This article explores the application of a theoretical model, specifically the Transtheoretical Model of Change, within the realm of health psychology, focusing on smoking cessation. The introduction provides an overview of health psychology’s significance and emphasizes the importance of addressing smoking cessation in public health. The body of the article unfolds in three main sections
This article explores the application of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) in the context of addiction treatment within the realm of health psychology. Offering a comprehensive exploration, the introduction provides a brief overview of addiction as a critical health concern, leading to an introduction to TTM and its relevance in addiction treatment. The historical background and
This article explores the biopsychosocial model of pain within the realm of health psychology. Pain, a complex and subjective experience, is examined through the integrated lenses of biology, psychology, and social factors. The biological component delves into neural mechanisms, neurotransmitters, genetic influences, and neuroplasticity, unveiling the intricate physiological processes underlying pain perception. The psychological facet
This article explores the integration of a prominent psychological model within clinical settings, emphasizing its application in the realm of health psychology. Commencing with an exploration of the theoretical foundations and historical development of the model, the paper navigates through its key principles and concepts. Subsequently, it elucidates the diverse applications of the model in
This article provides an in-depth exploration of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Motivational Interviewing (MI) in the context of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the field, the introduction emphasizes the critical role of behavior change in health promotion. The subsequent sections delve into the TTM, elucidating its origins, theoretical foundations, stages of change
This article within the field of health psychology explores the adaptations of a foundational psychological model to address a spectrum of health behaviors. The introduction provides a contextual backdrop for the subsequent exploration, emphasizing the importance of understanding and adapting psychological models to diverse health-related contexts. The first section elucidates the general model’s core principles