This article explores international models of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) within the context of the criminal justice process, focusing on the European Union, Scandinavian countries, and the restorative justice practices in Canada. The European Union’s approach to ADR is examined, highlighting key principles and mechanisms, along with success stories and critiques. The Scandinavian model is
This article explores international models of parole and probation, focusing on their applicability to the US criminal justice system. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of parole and probation, emphasizing their significance in the broader criminal justice context. The first body section delves into international models of probation, analyzing systems in the United Kingdom, Germany
Models are generally divided into groups based on the type of work they do; the most common types of models are fashion, glamour, fine art, and body part models. While modeling has a reputation for consisting solely of tall, thin, exceptionally beautiful women, the industry actually encompasses both men and women with a huge range
While the profession of the male fashion and underwear model is a relatively recent invention, men have served as models for centuries, primarily in artists’ studios and academies. In the 18th and 19th centuries, formally trained artists regularly conducted studies of frequently nude, living models, both male and female. Artistic institutions, in this period, especially
This article delves into the diverse theoretical models of crime prevention within the context of the US criminal justice process. The introduction sets the stage by emphasizing the intrinsic importance of crime prevention strategies and their impact on shaping effective criminal justice policies. The subsequent exploration is organized into three main sections, each dedicated to
The study of media effects has driven mass communication research for most of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Scholars have developed, tested, and supported various theories of media effects. The key to this research is uncovering the explanation for the way mass media exposure translates into effects. Over the history of our field, the study
Models are simplified representations of reality that help people to handle the largely undifferentiated mass of stimuli that impinges on their senses. Model, then, is a generic term for any systematic set of guesses or interpretations that people make about their surroundings. Some writers label these models as theories, hypotheses, theses, paradigms, propositions, or even
Emotion is an integral part of human functioning and can enhance or hinder individual and team performance. This entry defines emotion and then provides an overview of theories and models that have been used to explain and describe the relationship between emotion and performance. These include multidimensional anxiety theory (MAT), the individual zones of optimal
Lucy is among the most famous fossil skeletons believed to represent an early stage of hominid evolution following separation of the human lineage from its nearest living ape relative. At 3.2 million years, Lucy was the oldest and most complete hominid skeleton that clearly showed evidence of bipedal locomotion. The label “Lucy” provided a personal
There are two primary views of role models. One, the traditional view, depicts role models as persons critical to an individual’s career development process. They often occupy socially important roles, such as leaders, managers, teachers, and coaches. They offer individuals a way to refine their developing identity by providing an image of someone they would