Morale has been a recognized business concept and management concern for as far back as the construction of the pyramids. Although managers intuitively understand what morale is, there is no crisp, universally accepted definition. Morale can be understood as a state of mind—a positive outlook toward the workplace, wherein work is fun and a source
Employee morale is a term that is often used loosely by professionals and laypeople. Morale refers to employees’ shared attitudes toward and identification with the elements of their job, working conditions, fellow workers, supervisors, and general management. As a group-level term, morale is akin to the affective climate of an organization. Although morale is often