Research on the transition from school to work focuses on the relationship between the level of education and the first job achieved upon entry into the labor market. This has traditionally been a central topic in social stratification and social mobility research. As such, the study of the transition from school to work has reflected
School climate refers to the general tone of social relations in and around schools: how people in the school relate to each other, the culture that emerges among these people, the norms that they construct. Quite simply, it represents the general ”feel” of the school. This aspect of school context taps the informal processes that
School discipline refers to a system of rules, monitoring, sanctions, and rewards implemented by school personnel with the intent of shaping student behavior. Commonly associated with teachers and principals imposing order in classrooms and corridors by exerting control and maintaining student compliance through supervision and punishment, school discipline also plays a role in educational and
School transitions signify students’ entries into new schools. They are important milestones that lead to both positive and negative events that affect young people’s lives. There are two broad categories of school transitions: (1) normative school transitions (e.g., the transition into elementary school, from elementary to junior high school, from junior high to high school);
The study of medical education as a process of professional socialization is at best a dormant and at worse a dying object of academic inquiry. What once helped to legitimate an emerging academic field (medical sociology) in the 1950s and 1960s has since fallen on hard conceptual and analytic times. Today, cutting edge work on
School choice refers to the use of public funds that give parents more discretion in their children’s education. It usually entails making available to parents a wider variety of educational options beyond a standard, local public school. Examples of choice initiatives include charter schools, home schooling, voucher programs, tax credits for private schools, and the
Dropping out of school in a postindustrial society comes with many risks. In the United States, as with most industrialized societies, education is a key factor for predicting social mobility; dropping out clearly undermines one’s prospects of moving up the socioeconomic lad der. Dropping out of high school is also accompanied by many other negative
School administrators are leaders who plan and set goals related to the educational, administrative, and counseling programs of schools. They coordinate and evaluate the activities of teachers and other school personnel to ensure that they adhere to deadlines and budget requirements and meet established objectives. There are approximately 442,000 school administrators employed in the United
Secondary school teachers teach students in grades seven through twelve. Specializing in one subject area, such as English or math, these teachers work with five or more groups of students during the day. They lecture, direct discussions, and test students’ knowledge with exams, essays, and homework assignments. There are approximately 1.1 million secondary school teachers
School nurses focus on students’ overall health. They may work in one school or in several, visiting each for a part of the day or week. They may also assist the school physician, if the school employs one. They work with parents, teachers, and other school and professional personnel to meet students’ health needs. School
The Chicago School of Urban Sociology refers to work of faculty and graduate students at the University of Chicago during the period 1915– 35. This small group of scholars (the full time faculty in the department of sociology never numbered more than 6 persons) developed a new sociological theory and research methodology in a conscious
School mental health programs and services in the United States have grown rapidly, facilitated by the recommendations of important initiatives such as the U.S. Public Health Service, 2000; the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003; and the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health, 2004. Schools offer access as a point of
School refusal, a complex and often misunderstood psychological phenomenon, is characterized by a child’s persistent avoidance of attending school due to emotional distress. This article explores the multifaceted nature of school refusal, delving into the individual, family, and school-related factors that contribute to this issue. It highlights the significance of early identification and assessment, emphasizing
School refusal behavior refers to child-motivated refusal to attend school or difficulties remaining in classes for an entire day. The behavior applies to 5- to 17-year-old children who are completely absent from school, who skip classes or certain sections of a school day, who are chronically tardy to school, or who attend school under intense
School climate, a multifaceted concept, plays a pivotal role in educational settings, shaping students’ experiences and outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the factors influencing school climate, including leadership, student body dynamics, faculty and staff interactions, the physical environment, and curriculum and teaching practices. Additionally, it delves into the various methods and tools
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the institution of high school, examining its historical evolution, organizational structure, and curriculum. It delves into the pivotal role of high school in the psychosocial development of adolescents, discussing the challenges and support systems related to social and emotional well-being. Furthermore, the article explores the educational outcomes of
This article on middle school delves into the intricate intersection of developmental and educational psychology within the context of early adolescence. It provides an overview of the cognitive, emotional, and social changes occurring during the middle school years, emphasizing their profound implications for educational strategies. The article explores pertinent theories in developmental and educational psychology
In addition to their typical developmental issues, children and adolescents currently face many challenges to their healthy growth and development. According to the American School Counselor Association (ASCA), school counselors accept responsibility for helping all children and adolescents make age- or grade- appropriate progress in their personal, social, educational, and career development. School counselors also