Social exchange theory is one of the most influential conceptual paradigms for understanding behavior. Over the years, differing perspectives on social exchange have evolved, bridging disciples such as anthropology, sociology, organizational theory, and social psychology. As a result, social exchange theory cannot be thought of as a single theoretical model. Rather, it is a general
Many tasks at work are designed to be performed by a group of employees, with the expectation that groups are more efficient and effective than individuals. Yet group performance is not always synonymous with great performance. One reason is that some group members do not work as hard as they should. In these cases, social
Social norms are implicit and explicit rules of behavior that develop through interactions among members of a given group or society. Essentially, norms are prescriptions for how people should act in particular situations. All groups have established norms that tell members what they should and should not do under certain circumstances. When agreed to and
Workplace social support refers to the availability or actual receipt of assistance provided to an employee by one or more individuals. It is generally examined as a means of coping with occupational stress. An important distinction concerns the sources of social support. Support may be provided by individuals within the organization—for example, supervisors, subordinates, coworkers
Discrimination is a complex social problem that affects individuals, groups, organizations, and society as a whole. Scholars describe discrimination as consisting of types (e.g., subtle or overt), occurring across levels (e.g., individual, institutional, cultural), and in relation to its targets (e.g., racial or ethnic, sexual, sexual orientation). The focus of study in many disciplines and
This health psychology article explores the intricate relationship between social support and chronic fatigue, elucidating the multifaceted ways in which various forms of support influence the experience and management of this debilitating condition. The introduction delineates the pervasive impact of chronic fatigue on individuals, emphasizing the imperative to investigate the role of social support. The
This article explores the pivotal role of social support in arthritis care within the framework of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of arthritis as a health concern, emphasizing the importance of psychosocial factors in its comprehensive management. The subsequent sections delve into the multifaceted dimensions of social support, categorizing it into emotional, instrumental
Downward Social Comparison Definition Social comparison involves thinking about one or more other people in relation to the self. Downward social comparison involves making comparisons with others who are inferior to, or less fortunate than, oneself in some way. Downward Social Comparison History and Background Leon Festinger’s theory of social comparison proposed that because people
Questions about moral and political philosophy necessarily entail a consideration of political economy, which comprises two fundamental and overlapping concerns: the relationship between government and business and the relationship between business and society. It is the second relationship that has spawned the notion of corporate social responsibility—which comprises a firm’s actions in that regard, or
This article explores the intricate relationship between aging and social support within the context of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of studying aging, introduces the multifaceted concept of social support, and establishes the central thesis focusing on the pivotal role of social support in aging well. The body of the article is divided