Sports and the media, from the vantage point of the twenty-first century, are so deeply interconnected as to give the impression of a smooth integration between two powerful socio-cultural institutions. Many – perhaps most – people across the world have a daily encounter with the sports media in some form, including print, electronic, online, and
Sports equipment managers are responsible for maintaining, ordering, and inventorying athletic equipment and apparel. They deal with everything from fitting football shoulder pads to sharpening hockey skates to doing the team’s laundry. There are more than 800 equipment managers employed in the United States, with the majority working for collegiate and high school teams. Sports
Although there are an almost infinite number of possible team attributions, attributions are best understood when classified into underlying dimensions. Historically, team attributions have been considered to vary in terms of locus of causality (the extent to which causes are perceived as residing within the team or outside of the team), stability (the extent to
Organized youth sport became popular in the 1920s (in the United Kingdom, at least) in part based on the idea that sport could help to produce well-grounded, physically strong, morally sound boys who would be successful contributors to society, particularly in the military and business worlds. In contemporary societies, there are competing reasons for promoting
The association of being at home with feelings of increased physical comfort, safety, and psychological well-being are reflected in a wealth of popular expressions and sayings, such as Home free; Home is where the heart is; East–west, home is best; Home sweet home; There’s no place like home. Thus, it is hardly surprising that the
Communication is commonly defined as a transmission of thoughts, feelings, information, knowledge, and ideas by means of written or verbal messages. However, when people communicate face-to-face, they position their bodies in a certain way, vary their stance, control their eye gaze, and move their hands in particular manners. Therefore, there is an additional set of
Eras in the History of Sport Psychology The history of sport psychology has often been organized into six key eras or time periods that mark the field’s development. These eras serve as rough guidelines for retrospectively examining events that have shaped sport psychology today. The eras include (1) the prehistory of the field from antiquity
The fact that groups can influence outcomes important to both the individual and the group has been recognized for decades. One group variable that has been proposed to be important in this regard is the member’s perception of the group’s cohesiveness—staying with a group to achieve goals or for member satisfaction. Numerous studies have emerged
Cohesion represents the degree to which task and social bonds exist among group members, as well as the strength of individuals’ attractions to the task and social activities of the group. This entry briefly highlights the history, characteristics, conceptualization, measurement, and correlates of cohesion within sport and exercise environments. History Interest in and discussion surrounding
Competition is often described as a contest, or a process of contesting, between two or more parties (organisms, individuals, or groups) for a scarce resource or good. The scarcity can result from nature or history, such as competition for limited food, or it can be created artificially, such as the good of winning a game.