Feedback, or response-produced feedback, consists of all the information an individual receives as a result of a practice trial of a motor skill, classically divided into two parts—intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic feedback is all of the information one receives naturally, such as vision, audition, and proprioception. Extrinsic feedback is information provided over and above intrinsic
Cheating in sport is a violation of an explicit or implicit promise to follow the rules of a sporting activity. This promise is an honorable action that an athlete takes to assure the opponent, the fans, and all interested parties that the rules will be followed. An example of an explicit promise is the International
The purpose of fair play is to ensure that every competitor has an equal chance of being successful in any given competition. Fair play is supported by a philosophic belief that every player, team, official, and fan respects and honors (1) the rules of the game (constitutive, regulatory, and sportsmanship), (2) those who play the
Individuals possess a remarkable ability to detect and interpret sensations arising from the body during physical work. As noted by William P. Morgan, terms such as perceived exertion, perception of effort, and effort sense have been used to describe this psychophysiological phenomenon. Interest in this aspect of performance was initiated by the pioneering work of
To enjoy means to take pleasure or satisfaction from something; enjoyment is the act or condition of enjoying. Thus, enjoyment of physical activity is the act or condition of taking pleasure or satisfaction from physical activity. This entry discusses the conceptualization and assessment of enjoyment, as well as the role of enjoyment as a predictor
Many of the benefits of exercise come through sustained participation. Unfortunately, it is difficult for sedentary individuals to start an exercise program, and of those that do approximately 50% on average will drop out in the first 3 to 6 months. Furthermore, after 12 months most people who started a new exercise program will be
Self-discrepancy is incongruence (i.e., mismatch, lack of agreement) in one’s perception of his or her actual attributes and one’s internalized standards or ideals. In sport and exercise psychology (SEP), self-discrepancies are often studied in the realm of body image, whereby actual weight is compared to an ideal that is either established from societal norms or
Exercise identity is a construct that captures the extent to which one sees exercise as a part of one’s self-concept, or who one is. This self-perception has been related to exercise behavior and may be of interest to researchers and practitioners who are invested in understanding and promoting exercise adherence. Adhering to recommended levels of
Virtual sports are symbolic representations of embodied, expressive, and ‘‘real world’’ athletic experiences. These sports can involve complete ‘‘out of body’’ practices wherein participants ‘‘play’’ a sport without exerting their bodies in a traditionally athletic way (i.e., a sports video game), or more embodied performances involving physical activity in a simulated sports environment (i.e., athletic
Youth is defined for the purposes of this discussion as youngsters between 6 and 18 years. Sport means all sport activities practiced outside the physical education curriculum. Consequently, school sport as extracurricular activity is also included. With the start of the Sport for All movement in the 1960s and 1970s, this period can be characterized