Training and development (T&D) activities identify and ensure, through planned learning programs, the development of key competencies that enable individuals to perform to the best of their ability, aptitude, and attitude on the job. The T&D functions have evolved to contend with and respond to social and economic events, as well as being highly influenced
On-the-job training, often referred to as OJT, occurs whenever more experienced employees teach less experienced employees how to do one or more of the tasks of a job. It is practical, hands on, and found in all organizations at almost every level. On-the-job training is the single most commonly used training method in organizations today. The
An important part of the history of communication, particularly in the US, focused on how to train teachers to teach this subject. From the first issues of the academic journals in the early 1900s (Quarterly Journal of Public Speaking) until today, when entire journals provide research reports for and about teachers, the topic has been
Learning is a lifelong experience. From the moment we are born, we begin to learn ways to communicate with others to fulfill basic needs for food, warmth, and attention. Through our early interactions with our families, we begin to learn what works (a baby will cry when it needs food), what does not (a toddler’s
Preparation for a career in public health usually requires formal training at the graduate level, typically resulting in a Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) degree. Career options for a person with an M.P.H. are varied, and there are many types of organizations that employ public health professionals. Historically, these have included mainly federal, state, and
Participation in a formal cross-cultural training program will prepare people for a successful sojourn in another country. Given the number of adjustments and the amount of potential stress that overseas assignments can entail, this approach, rather than the “sink or swim” approach is recommended (Brislin & Yoshida, 1994; Landis & Bhagat, 1996). People who live
At present, postdoctoral supervised experience is required for licensure in most states, for some forms of institutional employment, and for board certification (e.g., American Board of Professional Psychology) in many specialty areas. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the requirement for postdoctoral hours for licensure as well as the definition of postdoctoral training itself. Recent
The term attention denotes the process by which we exert mental effort in focusing either on specific features of the world around us or on our own thoughts and feelings. An example would be a soccer goalkeeper who is preparing to defend against a corner kick from the opposing team must pay attention to the
The ability to accurately recognize others is important to everyone, particularly because important social, personal, physical, and economic resources are uniquely associated with individual persons. The recognition training that most people experience comes with everyday social interaction, containing the incentives within their social environment. The ecology of personal recognition and the social-cognitive processes through which
Police training is a process by which teachers communicate to police personnel job-related knowledge and skills and assist them in mastery of the material. Training occurs at recruit, field, and in-service levels. Sworn police personnel, nonsworn personnel, or police psychologists, who have special knowledge of police behavior, present the training topics. Psychological knowledge, in part
Individuals preparing for a career in sport and exercise psychology (SEP) have traditionally followed one of two educational paths, training in kinesiology or training in psychology. In keeping with most international credentialing guidelines for certification or licensure of SEP professionals, both educational paths typically feature substantial coursework in the other discipline, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature
Training refers to activities designed to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes relevant to performance in an occupation. Training is a major investment for many organizations, with developmental activities occurring at all levels of the organization and at various career stages. A major goal of training is often to improve organizational outcomes (e.g.
Simulation training is a popular technique used in many domains, including aviation, the military, medicine, music and theatre, and sport. It can be described as training or practicing under conditions that are reflective of performing under pressure. Whether this is to practice performing lifesaving surgery, rehearse a new dance piece, or preview the atmosphere of
Resistance training (RT), also commonly referred to as strength training or weight training, is a form of anaerobic exercise that utilizes external resistance of varying loads to improve musculoskeletal fitness. Compared with aerobic exercise, there are significantly more variables to consider when structuring an appropriate RT bout or program. Some of these prescription considerations include
Self-awareness refers to the ability to make oneself the object of one’s own attention. This self-reflexive quality of consciousness has been the focus of considerable research within the cognitive, social, and sport psychology (SP) domains over the past 50 years. Originating from this research, a theory of self-awareness emerged from the work of Thomas Shelley
This article delves into the realm of training healthcare providers in communication skills within the context of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the significance of effective communication in healthcare, underscoring its pivotal role in patient outcomes. The body of the article navigates through the historical evolution of communication skills training programs, encompassing the intricate components
This article explores various training techniques designed to elicit the relaxation response, a critical component of maintaining both mental and physical well-being. The physiological foundations of the relaxation response, governed by the autonomic nervous system, are examined, highlighting its complex relationship with stress. The first section delves into mind-body techniques such as Progressive Muscle Relaxation