Over the past 25 years, there has been considerable interest in the application of the transactional and transformational leadership paradigm to understanding the effects of leadership behaviors in relation to various psychological (e.g., motivation, self-confidence) and behavioral (e.g., individual and team performance) outcomes among those being led. Originally conceived within political and organizational settings, the
Transformational leadership is a form of influence based on a developmental relationship that elevates others to higher levels of moral and professional development, promotes adaptability and change, and results in performance beyond expectations. Transactional leadership is a form of influence based on an exchange relationship in which the leader provides direction and rewards in exchange
Transactional analysis (TA) is a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the ritualistic transactions of interactions and behaviors that occur between individuals. Developed by Eric Berne in the 1950s, TA focuses on social interaction, emotional well-being, and responsibility, involving life scripts that people develop based upon early childhood experiences. TA is an understandable, sophisticated structural analysis of