Athletes are confronted with a variety of stressors, challenges, and adversities, external (e.g., hostile crowds, referee errors, challenged by an opponent, sport and life balance) and internal (e.g., fatigue, self-doubt, emotional instability), which are characteristic of the training and competition contexts of sport. Some athletes manage these demands or challenges positively, either having a smooth
Mentoring is a process in which a mentor, who is typically more experienced or older, helps a mentee or protégé grow and develop in some way. As such, a mentor may be thought of as a guide, tutor, counselor, or adviser. In sport and exercise psychology (SEP), mentoring is commonly thought of in terms of
Mindfulness is a state of non-judging awareness and acceptance of internal experiences. This state has been achieved through evidence-driven mindfulness-based interventions that are useful for the treatment of psychological concerns and for the enhancement of performance among athletes and other performers. This entry describes the basic processes associated with mindfulness, the intervention components that enhance
The term mirror neurons refers to neurons that show spike activity in response to the performance of an action and to the perception of the same type of action in an observed subject. These neurons, first found in the brain of macaque monkeys, are regarded as first evidence for a functional overlap between action and
Along with the operationally defined concepts of dynamical systems theory comes a rich arsenal of mathematical methods and modeling tools that may be usefully employed in the study of complex sports behaviors. This entry highlights just a handful of those, which are all centered on the “problem” of dimensionality reduction. Before going into modeling, the
Emotion is an integral part of human functioning and can enhance or hinder individual and team performance. This entry defines emotion and then provides an overview of theories and models that have been used to explain and describe the relationship between emotion and performance. These include multidimensional anxiety theory (MAT), the individual zones of optimal
The concept of moral atmosphere was originally described by Lawrence Kohlberg and his associates, who investigated school and prison environments to determine the influence of the group norms of these settings on moral reasoning and behavior. They proposed that, over time, groups develop their own culture and a shared understanding of what is appropriate behavior as
The term moral behavior is used with at least two different meanings in the literature. The first is when researchers explicitly define moral behavior and refer to the conditions in which an act is right, or ethical; when these conditions are met, the behavior can be called moral. For example, Augusto Blasi defined moral behavior
Moral disengagement is the conditional endorsement of transgressive behavior through the use of any of eight psychosocial mechanisms and is apparent in sport when players rationalize harmful behaviors such as injuring or deliberately fouling opponents. The eight mechanisms of moral disengagement operate by minimizing or eliminating unpleasant emotional reactions (e.g., guilt, shame) normally associated with
Moral judgment refers to the determination a person makes about an action (or inaction), motive, situation, or person in relation to standards of goodness or rightness. People articulate a moral judgment, for example, when they say that an action is right or wrong, that a person is good or bad, or that a situation is
Moral reasoning is focused on what, from a moral standpoint, a person should do in a given situation. Moral reasoning addresses issues of right and wrong, good and bad, virtue and vice. Moral reasoning seeks to answer these questions: What ought to be done? What is the right thing to do? Athletes use moral reasoning
The study of morality in sport has attracted the interest of many sport psychologists, partly because of the pervasive and long-held belief across many scholars and lay people that sport builds character. Research in this area of sport psychology (SP) has looked at whether sport participation is indeed linked to moral behavior by examining issues
There are two causes of body movement. First, an external force can act on the person or animal; a strong gust of wind, for example, may cause the movement of living organisms. Second, through biological machinery such as muscles, force is produced internally, leading to movement. The truly interesting aspect of our movement within a
Motor control, in reference to movements of an organism or motions of a robot, is often conceived of as a computational problem. How is something or someone able to move to achieve various environmental goals? For human movement, in particular, the question of how individuals are able to organize the motor system at multiple levels
Motor learning is the shaping of individual sensorimotor capabilities by the physical and social environment. It is based on changes of neural networks of the brain that enable a relatively permanent improvement of performance, even though this may not always be manifest. Motor learning is induced by experience or practice and can take place with
Effective management of human capital provides a means for increasing productivity and reducing costs. The relationship between retention and profitability is clear—fewer turnovers translate to less expense for the organization. Leading organizations understand this fact and track employee attitudes and feedback across the entire employment life cycle (recruitment and on-boarding – integration – departure). These
Gainsharing (GS) and profit sharing (PS) are two pay-for-performance systems used by organizations to reward workers for increased performance at the group, unit, or organization level (Rynes, Gerhart, & Parks, 2005). The ultimate goals of GS and PS plans are improving specific aspects of organizational productivity and improving employee attitudes relating to justice, collaboration, and
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) individuals are physically and emotionally attracted to individuals of their own gender. These individuals compose a substantial proportion of the workforce (estimates range from 5%-15%) but face unique challenges because of their sexual orientation. Consequently, researchers and practitioners in industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology have begun to develop frameworks for considering GLB
Human resources strategy focuses on two primary issues: The degree to which human resources (HR) practices are aligned with business strategies The extent to which these practices influence organizational performance It is also based on three key assumptions: Human resources can be a source of competitive advantage. Human resource practices have a direct influence on
Job advertisements are mechanisms used by organizations to communicate employment need. Globally, job advertisements are commonly used by all types of organizations and represent the most prominent form of early contact job seekers have with employers. On any given day, newspapers, magazines, and Web sites feature ads extolling the virtues of employment in millions of
Job analysis is a label given to the process of obtaining information about jobs, which includes both the description of what is done at work and the specification of what capabilities are needed to perform the work. It is one of the most widely used organizational data collection techniques and forms the foundation on which
A variety of job analysis methods have been developed over the years. These include work-oriented methods, which seek to describe what a worker does, worker-oriented methods, which seek to identify the characteristics needed to successfully perform job tasks, and hybrid methods, which combine elements of work- and worker-oriented methods. Because of space constraints, only methods
In line with general psychological approaches across fields, psychologists who study psychology and the law emphasize the behavior, cognition, emotions, and experiences of individuals involved in the legal system. Of course, all individuals within reach of the United States legal system are involved to some degree. The involvement appears evident for police officers, lawyers, judges
The science of psychology exists in a state of tension with the legal system in many ways (Ogloff & Finkelman, 1999). Fundamentally, the goals and processes of investigation in science differ substantially from those of investigation in the law. First, science is inductive. Researchers examine data from many field studies, correlational studies, and experiments and
A job description is a written summary of what is done on a job, how the work is accomplished, and why the work is performed. The purpose of a job description is to convey the essential features of a job to a person not familiar with the job in question. Job descriptions are the most
Job evaluation may be defined as a systematic, objective process of determining the worth of jobs to an organization. It is important to note that a job evaluation evaluates jobs (e.g., marketing manager, financial analyst) and not the people in those jobs (e.g., Mary Smith; David Johnson). Organizations use the results of this process to
Job search can be defined as the specific activities through which effort and time are expended to acquire information about labor market alternatives. Stated more simply, job search is the pursuit of employment. There are few well-developed models of job search. This scarcity results in part from the tendency for organizational scientists to focus on
A frequent need in organizations and organizational research is to classify individual positions or jobs into groups, with each group internally homogeneous in terms of a profile of relevant psychological characteristics (e.g., abilities) and situational characteristics (e.g., job requirements) and at the same time externally distinct from all other groups. A job typology is either
The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) refers to the database of worker and occupational attributes that succeeds the U.S. Department of Labor’s (DOL) Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) as the primary source of information for occupations in the U.S. economy. Although the DOT had held this title for many years, numerous events— including the explosion of
Older workers compose a growing segment of the workforce who must contend with a variety of distinctive concerns as they navigate their careers. Special concerns include physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that accompany the aging process, sources of work stress for older workers, the specter of age discrimination in employment opportunities, late career and skill
There are several general roles for psychologists in the legal system, and many specific careers exist in psychology in the law (Bottoms et al., 2004). More generally, psychological researchers can impact the law in a variety of ways. Basic researchers, scientists who seek general or basic knowledge for its own sake, and applied researchers, scientists
Person-environment (PE) fit refers to the degree of match between individuals and some aspect of their work environment. The concept of PE fit is firmly rooted in the tradition of Kurt Lewin’s maxim that B = /(PE); behavior is a function of both person and environment. The early interactional psychologists emphasized Lewin’s perspective and developed
Person-organization (PO) fit is defined as the compatibility between people and organizations, which occurs when at least one entity provides what the other needs; they share similar fundamental characteristics; or both. This definition includes examples of mutual need fulfillment, value congruence between individuals and organizations, personality similarity between individuals and other members of the organization
The idea that sparked person-vocation (PV) fit came from Frank Parsons, one of the earliest figures in vocational psychology, who believed that people need a clear understanding of themselves and the environment in which they work to be happy in their jobs and careers. PV fit is the relationship between individuals and their vocations or
Selection is a personnel decision whereby an organization decides whether to hire individuals using each person’s score on a single assessment, such as a test or interview, or a single predicted performance score based on a composite of multiple assessments. Using this single score to assign each individual to one of multiple jobs or assignments
Given that most organizations have many more job applicants than they have job openings, employers must be able to quickly and efficiently screen out those applicants who not only fail to meet the minimum qualifications but are also unlikely to be successful on the job if hired. Prescreening assessment methods provide cost-effective ways of selecting
The primary method of realistic recruitment is the realistic job preview (RJP). The RJP is the presentation of realistic, often quite negative information about an organization to a job candidate. This information is given to job candidates during the selection process to help them make an informed job choice, should a job offer be made.
Recruitment sources are one of the most frequently studied aspects of employee recruitment. Recruitment sources are the avenues that organizations use to reach applicants. Evidence suggests that the choice of recruitment source(s) is a strategic decision, in the sense that there are relationships between recruitment sources and employment outcomes. However, the exact nature and reasons
Retirement is a general term that has traditionally referred to older adults’ disengagement from the workforce. As an area of research inquiry, it is a broad concept that has been studied by a number of disciplines, including economics, gerontology, and organizational behavior, as well as developmental and industrial and organizational psychology. Appropriately, these fields have
Questions of potential interactions between psychology and the law existed long before the founding of the United States or the establishment of a separate United State legal system. For example, Francis Bacon (1857) expressed concerns that inappropriate psychological motives held by some actors in the legal system could compromise the system. He suggested that the
Selection and Assessment Consulting Selection strategies differ from organization to organization in any number of ways. Some rely mostly on tests, others on interviews. Some are computer or Web based, others paper-and-pencil tests. Some automatically select candidates out, whereas others inform decisions that select candidates in—and so on. Selection strategies are the result of many
Succession planning, the process by which an organization makes sure that it will have the right leaders in the right place at the right time, has always been one of the most important accountabilities of the chief executives and top leaders of organizations. However, the importance of succession planning to business success has never been
Underemployment Definition Underemployment refers to employment that is inadequate, inferior, or low quality, relative to some standard. All researchers agree that there is a small handful of distinct types of underemployment, but there is less agreement on exactly what counts as underemployment and how many types there are. Nevertheless, the following experiences are regularly classified
Across many topics, eyewitness testimony remains a vivacious research area. The American Psychology-Law Society lists more than 1,400 references on the topic from 1883 and 2006. Eyewitness testimony research established roots as a research area in psychology over 100 years ago in Germany. There existed a strong German interest in eyewitness testimony (Sporer, 2006), and
Repression is a psychological construct with roots in Freudian ego defenses, and repression has existed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) through prior versions and into the current DSM-IV-TR in the diagnostic criteria for dissociative amnesia. Repression emerged into prominence in psychology and the law in the 1980s and 1990s with
Questions regarding pretrial publicity center on the tension between two guaranteed rights in the United States. The First Amendment to the Constitution allows freedom of the press, and the Sixth Amendment provides each defendant the right to a speedy trial before an impartial jury. When the press publicizes details of an ongoing investigation (e.g., prior
The jury has been one of the most mysterious forces in United States law. Critics have leveled extensive allegations that juries are unpredictable, unrepresentative of the population of the United States, biased, and irresponsible. Research into jury decision making has shed light on many phenomena in criminal and civil legal systems, but many questions remain.
Abusive supervision refers to sustained displays of nonphysical forms of hostility perpetrated by supervisors against their direct reports. Examples of behavior that fall within the abusive supervision content domain include public derogation, undermining, and explosive outbursts. Key features of the construct are that abusive supervision refers to ongoing manifestations of hostility rather than discrete episodes
The behavioral approach to leadership involves attempts to measure the categories of behavior that are characteristic of effective leaders. Two research projects, one at Ohio State University and another at the University of Michigan, are most commonly associated with the behavioral approach to leadership. The results of both research programs suggested that the behavior of
Charismatic leadership is a relatively new and distinct paradigm. Since the 1970s, researchers have conducted studies on charismatic leadership in areas such as management, academia, the military, and government. Although researchers have used different approaches to study charismatic leadership, their findings have been fairly consistent. Through empirical investigation, researchers have uncovered the key features of
Grievance systems are formal organizational procedures designed to address employee complaints. These employee complaints, hereafter referred to as grievances, can range from general disputes about organizational policies (e.g., disputes about interpreting the vacation policy), to specific disputes about how the employee was treated (e.g., conflict with coworkers), to disputes that have legal implications (e.g., racial
The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness project (GLOBE) is a multiphase, multi-method project designed in the early 1990s by Robert J. House to explore the relationships among societal culture, organizational culture, and leadership. An international team of more than 170 researchers has worked together for more than a decade on this project. Many data
What is leadership? Is it leaders’ behavior or our image of it? For example, if you are a female manager, how often has an outsider taken you for your own secretary? How often does that happen to your male colleague? This is what research on implicit leadership theories (ILT) focuses on. What are our ideas
During the early 1970s, the generally accepted practice for studying leadership was to use an average leadership style—that is, asking subordinates to report on their manager’s leadership style and then averaging their responses across the work unit. Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which originated as the vertical dyad linkage (VDL) model, offered a contrast to this
The least preferred coworker (LPC) theory, developed by Fred E. Fiedler, has been at the center of controversy almost since its inception. Called the contingency theory or the contingency model of leadership by Fiedler and his associates, the debate over its scientific validity and practical usefulness has sometimes been quite spirited. However, the rate of
The situational leadership (SL) theory, developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, is one of the most widely known frameworks for explaining managerial effectiveness. Although the framework is particularly popular among practicing managers and professional trainers, it has not enjoyed comparable attention from the academic community of industrial/organizational researchers. Nonetheless, the theory is recognized among
Psychologists who have advanced normative theories of management have typically advocated highly participative processes for making decisions. The principal basis for such prescriptions is the motivational benefit that results from a leader involving group members in decision making. In spite of this advocacy, reviews of the literature suggest a much more mixed picture of the
The operant conditioning or reinforcement theory of B. F. Skinner is one of the major psychological theories concerned with motivation at work. Unique in the social sciences, it identifies two of its major concepts according to the time at which they occur: (1) antecedents, such as communicating company policy, providing training, and setting goals, which
The situational approach to leadership asserts that there is no one best way to lead others and emphasizes that a leader’s style and behavior should depend on the characteristics of his or her followers. Specifically, the situational approach to leadership model provides leaders with insight regarding the most effective leadership style to demonstrate based on
A significant change is taking place in the personal and professional lives of leaders as they aspire to integrate their spirituality with their work. Most leaders agree that this integration is leading to positive changes in their relationships and effectiveness. Furthermore, there is evidence that workplace spirituality programs not only lead to beneficial personal outcomes
The path-goal theory of leadership is a situational theory of leadership and is closely aligned with expectancy theory. The theory holds that the major function of the leader is to enhance subordinates’ instrumentalities, for example, perceived degree of relationship between behavior and outcome; expectancies, such as perceived relationship between effort and behavior; and valences including
The trait approach to leadership was one of the earliest theories of leadership. Although it is not a fully articulated theory with well-developed hypotheses, the trait approach formed the basis of most early leadership research. This approach focuses on the personal attributes (or traits) of leaders, such as physical and personality characteristics, competencies, and values.
Transformational leadership is a form of influence based on a developmental relationship that elevates others to higher levels of moral and professional development, promotes adaptability and change, and results in performance beyond expectations. Transactional leadership is a form of influence based on an exchange relationship in which the leader provides direction and rewards in exchange
Trust is commonly described as a leap of faith one takes in the face of incomplete information. More specifically, trust is a psychological state involving positive expectations about another’s actions despite vulnerability to the other’s actions. Studies have supported theoretical assertions that trust is not related to gullibility, but rather to the ability to take
Forensic psychology assists the legal system in a number of ways including providing expert testimony in legal, administrative, and legislative proceedings; conducting and testifying about research conducted in anticipation of litigation; testifying about research not conducted in connection with litigation but that is nonetheless relevant; and researching the legal system’s operation. Informing Decision Makers in
Coping refers to conscious and effortful cognitions and behaviors used by the athlete to manage the perceived demands of a situation. Coping is of interest to sport and exercise psychologists because athletes are constantly under pressure to perform. Athletes’ and coaches’ expectations, injury, performance plateaus, poor performances, equipment failure, superior opponents, skill difficulty, and audiences
To call oneself a psychologist (at least in the United States and Canada), or use the terms psychologist, psychological, or psychology, one must be licensed in the state or province in which one practices. However, if one works in academia, calling oneself a sport psychologist is an appropriate term to use as it is descriptive
Whether out of envy or admiration, people have long been fascinated by the extraordinary skills of champion athletes such as Roger Federer (tennis), Michael Phelps (swimming), and Lionel Messi (soccer). Building on this interest, recent years have witnessed increasing collaboration among researchers from cognitive psychology, sport psychology, and cognitive neuroscience in studying the mental and
Sport and exercise psychology has traditionally been understood to consist of a set of skills and theoretical underpinnings distanced from culture. These skills have been taught in postsecondary educational settings and presented in authoritative textbooks. Although readers might not at first recognize what rests beneath the surface of these writings, a closer look suggests that
Over the course of the past 10 years, there has been considerable discussion devoted to multicultural competence within the counseling professions. These discussions are only now beginning to surface within sport and exercise psychology certification. The intent through multicultural training is to provide the intended clients with health services that more closely align with their
Decision making (DM) is the cognitive operation of selecting a response from a range of available responses in circumstances where an action is needed. DM usually takes place while interacting with either the external environment or internal desires and requirements. Decisions may be made by an individual or a group, which mediates between the environment
A critical component of coaching is decision making, which is the process of selecting an alternative from among many choices to achieve a desired end. Decisions may involve the training programs; selection of team members; deployment of various strategies, practice, and tournament schedules; choice of uniforms; and such other serious and simple matters. In fact
In the context of sport, developmental histories provide information on an athlete’s career with respect to practice activities related to their primary sport. In studies of elite athlete development, researchers have used carefully designed questionnaires or interview methods to ascertain information about the routes to success in sport. Methods for obtaining developmental histories vary with
The World Health Organization defines obesity and overweight as the excessive accumulation of body fat and warns that both conditions pose serious threats to health by increasing the risk for chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Effective methods to counter obesity include changes in lifestyle, such as engagement in physical activity and exercise,
What is disability? There are many ways to answer this question. But how sport and exercise psychologists define disability has profound implications. Either intentionally or unintentionally, their perspective of disability will shape how research is carried out, what is deemed valuable in applied practice, who is considered the expert, and what is to be done
Appropriate physical activity engagement promotes a host of psychosocial benefits. These benefits are especially valuable for individuals with disabilities because they have high rates of overweight and obesity. Additionally, because people with disabilities often have associated secondary conditions (e.g., pressure sores, diabetes) physical activity is particularly important as a mechanism to prevent or attenuate secondary
Optimal athletic development and sport success is almost always the product of multiple factors. Genetics, opportunity, effort, and consistent training over many years are critical. However, quality coaching is also recognized as an important influence on athletic success. This entry discusses the history and current status of coaching in disability sport, the importance of quality
The concept of diversity encompasses a broad range of qualities and characteristics that distinguish people from one another. Diversity is used broadly to refer to demographic characteristics including, but not limited to, sex, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class, ability status, age, national origin, religious beliefs, and education. Diversity is important for a number of reasons.
The term drop-out has two meanings. In elite sport, drop-out refers to a premature termination of a sport career before the athlete could reach individual peak performance level. Drop-out is a typical phenomenon among athletes in childhood and adolescence. Therefore, the (young) age of the athlete may be regarded as an important evidence for premature
Drugs are used for performance enhancement purposes in elite, competitive, and amateur sports. Unlike heroin, barbiturates, hallucinogens, and substances used for recreational purposes in other subcultures, athletes use and abuse drugs presumed to enhance athletic ability and performance, known as ergogenic substances. The most common performance-enhancing drugs include amphetamines and a range of substances thought
It has been known for a long time that there are significant limitations in the human capability to attend to and perform two or more tasks concurrently. Observations of the performance errors arising from the simultaneous performance of multiple tasks date back at least to the late 19th century and form the basis for cognitive
Every biological system—microbe, athlete, or team—can be described formally in terms of its time evolution or dynamics. This becomes feasible if one capitalizes on a crucial characteristic of biological systems, namely that they exchange energy and matter, and in some cases also information, with their surroundings. In statistical physics, such systems are called open systems
The eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are characterized by severe disturbances in body image, eating, and engaging in compensatory behaviors that result in serious medical, psychological, and social problems. For example, eating disorders increase the risk of obesity, nutritional deficiencies, depression and anxiety disorders, chronic pain, osteoporosis, insomnia, neurological symptoms, cardiovascular problems
Individuals possess a remarkable ability to detect and interpret sensations arising from the body during physical work. As noted by William P. Morgan, terms such as perceived exertion, perception of effort, and effort sense have been used to describe this psychophysiological phenomenon. Interest in this aspect of performance was initiated by the pioneering work of
Ecological theory is a global perspective or meta-theory, because the broad heading represents several scientific approaches that view human behavior as the result of the relationship between individuals and their environments. Ernest Haeckel, German zoologist and evolutionist, coined the term oekology in 1866 to define a field of study that examined organisms in their living
One approach to understanding the effects of exercise on the brain and the cortical processes underlying peak performance is to measure brain activity using electroencephalography. Electroencephalography is a noninvasive technique that uses highly conductive silver or silver chlochloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes to record brain activity, which is also referred to as electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. The EEG
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrical record of muscle activation. It is a measure that is recorded by placing sensors on the skin of a participant and monitoring changes in the electrical activity of the underlying musculature relative to movement. Greater levels of activation occur as motor unit recruitment increases in order to perform movements successfully.
Participants in sports and other performance settings routinely encounter emotionally salient cues or stimuli that can affect the quality and enjoyment of the activity. Given the emphasis placed on consistently performing at a high level, researchers, coaches, consultants, and practitioners have sought to better understand how athletes and other performers respond to various affective states.
Regular leisure-time physical activity provides a boost to positive emotions: Individuals who exercise are routinely found to have lower levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and hostility. Moreover, programs of exercise have also been shown to be an effective treatment for depression, with similar findings emerging for anxiety disorders. This entry focuses on the nature of
Emotional feelings are fundamental aspects of human experience. In sport, emotions have powerful influences on athletes’ thoughts and actions. The study and explanation of emotions in sport is difficult because there are many ongoing controversies and disagreements. Most theorists would agree, however, that emotions have motivational and regulatory functions, and that there is an interface
Energizing strategies, sometimes called activation strategies, are primarily designed to increase the task-specific level of performer’s mental and physical activity. They are of interest to applied sport psychologists, coaches, and athletes alike as on occasion performers require strategies that help stimulate levels of physical and mental activity. Arousal and Activation Given their often interchangeable use
For more than 100 years, researchers have noted how exercise enhances the subjective sense of mental and physical energy. Affect refers to the quality of a subjective mental state along the dimensions of valence (pleasant or positive vs. unpleasant or negative) and activation (alert or activated vs. sleepy or deactivated). This entry will summarize research
Sport enjoyment, or fun in children’s terms, is the most important and most studied positive emotion in youth, adolescent, and elite sport. Early youth sport research found that fun was one of the most important reasons given by athletes for choosing to participate in sports, and lack of fun was a prime explanation for dropping
To enjoy means to take pleasure or satisfaction from something; enjoyment is the act or condition of enjoying. Thus, enjoyment of physical activity is the act or condition of taking pleasure or satisfaction from physical activity. This entry discusses the conceptualization and assessment of enjoyment, as well as the role of enjoyment as a predictor
Biological organisms cannot repeat a movement exactly the same way across practice trials or attempts. In other words, there is an inherent amount of imprecision in the motor systems of animals, including humans. This variability can be considered a source of error. Second, in any attempt to solve a new motor problem, whether a young
An especial skill is a unique case where one very specific variation of a motor skill exhibits a markedly superior task performance in comparison to performances on all other variations within the same skill class. This effect has been clearly demonstrated with basketball set shots from the regulation free-throw (foul) line, as well as with
Ethics is the investigation of the primary moral assumptions held by individuals, organizations, or professions that are used to help members make sound decisions about what is right and wrong. To expand on this definition, ethics refers to an organization’s attempts to protect the welfare of clients by developing, adopting, and enforcing guidelines that regulate
Ethnicity refers to shared cultural traditions and history of a group or population. The collection of people who share an ethnicity is often called an ethnic group. An ethnic group shares a common culture that is reflected in language or dialect, religion, customs, clothing, food, and music, literature, or art. Ethnic groups are often associated
Many people become physically active to improve their health and to look and feel better. But physical activity may become addictive for a small proportion (3%–5%) of the population. It is important to emphasize that while exercise may represent an addictive behavior for some people who engage in it to an extreme and unhealthy level,
Why do some individuals participate intensely in sport activities over many years while others never get actively involved in sport or exercise? What influences initial participation in sport or exercise? What influences continued participation? What influences the intensity of participation? How do we explain drop-out from sport and exercise engagement? How do we explain both
Expertise refers to the underlying qualities and skills that distinguish highly accomplished people, referred to as experts, from lesser skilled people. Experts are people who are exceptionally skilled in a particular task or domain and their expertise is typically evident across numerous aspects of human performance, including perception, cognition, and motor execution. Interestingly, despite the
Extraversion–introversion is a personality factor that refers to the degree to which a person’s basic orientation is turned inward (toward oneself) or outward (toward the external world). Introverts are said to be shy and prefer to work alone; they tend to withdraw into themselves, especially when they experience emotional stress and conflict. In contrast, extraverts
The eyes perceive spatial information with full acuity when light falls on a small region at the back of the retina called the fovea. Because of the small area of the fovea, the area over which we are able to see clearly is only about 2° to 3° of visual angle. Visual angle indicates the
The purpose of fair play is to ensure that every competitor has an equal chance of being successful in any given competition. Fair play is supported by a philosophic belief that every player, team, official, and fan respects and honors (1) the rules of the game (constitutive, regulatory, and sportsmanship), (2) those who play the
Fatigue is an overwhelming sustained feeling of exhaustion and decreased capacity to complete physical and mental work. It is multidimensional with emotional, behavioral, and cognitive components. Feelings of fatigue are associated not only with disease states but also with healthy functioning. Approximately 20% of adults worldwide report current fatigue. When examined in terms of physical
The female athlete triad (triad) refers to the co-occurrence of three interrelated conditions: low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone-mineral density Factors within sport and exercise environments can increase the risk of developing these conditions. Though the prevalence of the full triad is low, many girls and women will experience one or two of
Feminism is a movement to end oppression, especially as it relates to sexism. Feminism can be taken up in many contexts such as sport and exercise, where theorists and practitioners engage with feminist theory, feminist activism, feminist politics, feminist education, feminist class, race, or gender struggle, and global feminism to varying degrees. In this entry,
Complex systems in nature are defined as having many individual components that are free to vary and interact with each other, exemplified by a sand pile, a weather system, and social collectives such as animal colonies and sports teams. An athlete can also be studied in this way. In the complexity sciences, the term degrees
Peers have a particularly powerful social influence on youth development, particularly during adolescence. Positive peer interactions can help adolescents acquire a range of skills, attitudes, and behaviors. In sport settings, high levels of peer support and quality friendships have been associated with higher ratings of sport enjoyment, commitment, intrinsic motivation, and perceived competence. Definitions Alan
To achieve performance goals in competitive sport there is a need to strike a delicate balance between movement pattern stability and variability because, although athletes need to achieve consistent outcomes, they also need to be able to successfully adapt their movements to changes in the performance environment. To achieve these aims, the theory of ecological
Gender has a clear and powerful influence in society, and a particularly powerful and persistent influence in sport and exercise. Indeed, the sport world seems to exaggerate and highlight gender. Sport and physical activities remain largely sex segregated and male dominated. Gender is so embedded that trying to be nonsexist and treating everyone the same
When learning sequential movements, such as those involved in speech production, handwriting, typing, drumming, or sports skills, performers exhibit the ability to modify a learned movement sequence from execution to execution in some ways but not in others. This is thought to occur because a generalized motor program (GMP), which can be used to produce
Conceptualizations of the factors affecting skill acquisition and the demonstration of expertise generally reflect qualities associated with biological factors such as genes (nature) or those related to environmental or experiential factors such as training and coaching (nurture). Historical Background Although the conceptualization of the nature versus nurture debate can be traced at least to Platonic
A goal is simply something you are trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action. Although goals can function at an unconscious level, the process of goal setting represents the deliberate establishment and refinement of goals and the evaluation of goal progress. The concept of goals and the practice of goal
A group is defined as a social aggregate of two or more people that involves mutual awareness, interaction, and interdependence of its members. The characteristics of the group shape the beliefs and behaviors of its members. In this entry, two categories of group characteristics are examined, namely (1) characteristics of the group and (2) characteristics
This article explores the invaluable behavioral insights derived from the Framingham Study, a landmark in health psychology research. Originating with a focus on cardiovascular health, the Framingham Study’s longitudinal design has provided unparalleled insights into the intricate interplay of lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking, on heart health. Beyond traditional physiological markers
This article explores the intricate relationship between psychosocial factors and heart disease, leveraging data from the Framingham study. Beginning with a concise overview of heart disease’s global impact, the introduction underscores the imperative of understanding psychosocial influences on cardiovascular health. The subsequent sections delve into the nuanced associations between stress, social support, and mental health
This article delves into the longitudinal findings on aging derived from the renowned Framingham Heart Study, offering a comprehensive examination of three distinct dimensions within health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by providing a succinct overview of the Framingham Heart Study’s significance and the imperative role of longitudinal research in understanding aging processes. The
This article explores the pivotal role of genetic epidemiology within the Framingham Study, a landmark in health psychology research. Beginning with an overview of health psychology, the narrative delves into the definition and significance of genetic epidemiology, establishing a foundation for understanding its implications in the Framingham Study. The historical context elucidates the study’s inception
This article explores the profound impact of the Framingham Heart Study on public health policy, particularly within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with a historical overview of the study’s initiation, goals, and key findings, the discussion delves into the identification of cardiovascular risk factors and the conceptualization of risk in disease prevention. The subsequent
This article delves into the realm of health psychology by examining the pivotal role of Risk Assessment Models derived from the Framingham Outcomes. Commencing with an elucidation of the background and significance of health psychology, the narrative navigates through the inception and objectives of the Framingham Heart Study. The first section delves into the foundational
This article explores the pivotal role of the Framingham Heart Study in advancing our understanding of cardiovascular health, with a specific focus on its transition to investigating women’s heart health. Beginning in 1948, the Framingham Heart Study has significantly shaped preventive measures and health policies by identifying key cardiovascular risk factors and introducing the Framingham
This article explores the pivotal role of the Framingham Heart Study in shaping the landscape of preventive cardiology within the realm of health psychology. Tracing the historical trajectory of the study’s inception and objectives, the narrative begins by elucidating the fundamental contributions of the Framingham Study in identifying and defining cardiovascular risk factors, laying the
This article explores the invaluable contributions of the Framingham Heart Study to the field of health psychology, specifically in understanding the intricate interplay between lifestyle factors and heart disease. Commencing with an overview of the Framingham Heart Study, the research design, and its historical significance, the paper delves into the identification of key lifestyle components
This article explores the pivotal role of the Framingham Heart Study in shaping the landscape of cardiovascular research and delineates its profound impact on public health. The introduction sets the stage by elucidating the significance of cardiovascular health and introducing the Framingham Heart Study as a landmark longitudinal research initiative. The first section delves into
This article delves into the intricate relationship between stress and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the foundational concepts of stress and IBS, highlighting the critical link between the two and underscoring the significance of understanding this association. The first section explores the physiological mechanisms governing the stress
This article delves into the realm of health psychology, specifically exploring the intricate relationship between psychological treatments and Functional Dyspepsia (FD), a common gastrointestinal disorder. The introduction provides a concise overview of FD and highlights the significance of incorporating psychological interventions in its management. The first section elucidates the role of psychological factors, such as
The Brain-Gut Axis plays a pivotal role in the intricate connection between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal system, wielding significant influence over health and psychological well-being. This article explores the neuroanatomy of the Brain-Gut Axis, elucidating the functions of the central nervous system, Enteric Nervous System (ENS), and the Vagus Nerve in regulating
This article explores coping strategies for individuals grappling with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, emphasizing the intersection of health psychology and the management of persistent digestive disorders. The introduction defines chronic GI symptoms, highlighting their prevalence and profound impact on individuals’ quality of life. The first body section delves into the complexities of chronic GI disorders
This article delves into the intricate realm of Functional Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders in Children within the domain of health psychology. The introduction outlines the definition of these disorders, emphasizing their prevalence and the profound impact on children’s overall health. The body of the article is divided into three sections: the classification of prevalent functional GI
This article explores the intricate landscape of psychological challenges inherent in the management of diabetes, a prevalent and impactful chronic health condition. Beginning with an introduction to the broader context of diabetes and its prevalence, the discussion delves into the multifaceted psychological aspects of diabetes management. The first section addresses the emotional impact, encompassing stress
This article explores the vital intersection of diabetes education and behavioral change within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to diabetes and its widespread impact, the discussion emphasizes the critical role of behavioral change in effective diabetes management. The article delves into three key sections: theoretical frameworks, components of effective diabetes education
Attributions are explanations about why particular performances or behaviors have occurred. When faced with important, negative, novel, or unexpected events, individuals search for meaningful explanations for the causes of those events. In this regard, it is widely acknowledged that attributions are an area of importance in the field of applied psychology because of their implications
This article explores the intricate emotional landscape of individuals living with diabetes within the framework of health psychology. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of diabetes and underscores the imperative of addressing its emotional dimensions. The first section delves into the prevalence and impact of depression and anxiety, elucidating the contributing factors and their repercussions
Automaticity is the ability to execute a skill using no (or very few) information processing resources: attention and working memory. When a skill can be executed in this fashion, the performer has resources available to process other sources of information not directly required for the task. Automaticity is thought to be a hallmark of expert
Participation in a formal cross-cultural training program will prepare people for a successful sojourn in another country. Given the number of adjustments and the amount of potential stress that overseas assignments can entail, this approach, rather than the “sink or swim” approach is recommended (Brislin & Yoshida, 1994; Landis & Bhagat, 1996). People who live
This article explores the pivotal role of psychosocial interventions in diabetes control within the framework of health psychology. The introduction outlines the prevalence and impact of diabetes, emphasizing the significance of psychosocial factors in managing the condition. The body of the article is divided into three sections: the first delves into the influence of stress
Priming effects occur when the processing of a target stimulus is influenced by a preceding stimulus on the basis of a relationship between prime and target. Processing of the target word surgeon, for example, may be facilitated by the prime word injury. The priming effect in this example is based on associative and non-evaluative semantic
Collectivistic Cultures Definition Social psychology researchers tend to think about cultures as shared meaning systems that provide the knowledge people need to function effectively in their social environment. To see the importance of shared meaning systems, imagine that you were in a different culture where you did not know the language or the customs. It
This article explores the pivotal role of family support in diabetes care within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of diabetes types, the introduction emphasizes the profound impact of this chronic condition on individuals and families, setting the stage for an examination of the vital significance of familial involvement in diabetes management.
Implicit attitudes, also referred to as automatic evaluations, are immediate and spontaneous evaluations of objects, groups, or behaviors as being pleasant or unpleasant. They occur unintentionally within a fraction of a second after exposure to the stimulus, preceding any reflective deliberation. Typically, these attitudes are inferred from systematic variations of performance on indirect priming or
Cultural Animal Definition Cultural animal is a term used to refer to human beings. The core idea is that human beings differ from other animals in the extent to which they create, sustain, and participate in culture. There are hundreds of definitions of culture. Howev er, there are several main themes in understanding what culture
This article delves into the intricate interplay between stress and glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, within the framework of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the definitions of stress and its prevalence among individuals with diabetes, emphasizing the critical importance of glycemic control in managing the condition. The first section explores the relationship between stress
Motivation is one of the foundations of successful sport performance, and coaches play a critical role in developing or undermining this attribute in their athletes. The techniques coaches use to instruct and motivate their athletes can influence whether athletes learn and achieve at a high level, develop a strong sense of confidence, enjoy their experience
Cultural Differences Definition Cultural groups can differ widely in their beliefs about what is true, good, and efficient. The study of cultural differences combines perspectives in psychology and anthropology to understand a society’s signature pattern of beliefs, behavior, and social institutions and how these patterns compare and contrast to those of other cultural groups. Cultural
This health psychology article explores effective coping strategies for individuals facing diabetes-related complications, emphasizing the importance of addressing both the physical and psychological dimensions of the challenges posed by diabetes. The introduction provides an overview of diabetes and its prevalence, introducing the significance of coping mechanisms in managing complications. The first section delves into understanding
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and controls the body’s responses. The peripheral nervous system involves all of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that carry messages to and from the CNS. The peripheral nervous
The term culture has been variously defined, but there is general agreement that, whatever the concept entails, it serves as (1) the “glue” which keeps groups of individuals together as distinct entities, and (2) the means by which individuals adapt to the group and maintain a sense of identity and psychological stability. Cultural disintegration, then
This article explores the intricate relationship between diabetes and adolescent mental health within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides an overview of diabetes prevalence in adolescence, emphasizing the critical need to address mental health aspects in this demographic. The first section delves into the psychosocial factors surrounding diabetes, addressing the impact of chronic
The effect of an individual’s focus of attention on motor performance and learning has long intrigued both researchers and practitioners. Numerous studies have shown that what a performer focuses or concentrates on while executing a motor skill has an impact how well that person performs the skill. An important distinction is that between an external
Cultural diversity is a central feature of community psychology. It derives from a general psychological focus on the naturally occurring diversity among people within a context and between groups of people who are a part of different contexts. Implicitly, most theories and practices of psychology have inferred ordinal distinctions among people in a context and
This article explores the pivotal role of lifestyle interventions in the prevention of diabetes, addressing the escalating global prevalence of the condition. The introduction provides context by emphasizing the public health significance of diabetes prevention and underscores the relevance of health psychology in shaping preventive behaviors. The first section delves into the multifaceted nature of
The aim of attachment theory has largely been to explain how relationships with parents in childhood have such a persistent effect on personality development. The focus of attachment theory has subsequently been extended from child to adolescent and adult development and social relationships within the context of both contemporary personality and social psychology. Attachment has
Marshall McLuhan is quoted as saying that ‘‘It’s a cinch fish didn’t discover water.” Just as clearly, psychologists didn‘t discover culture. Any context for human behavior that is so all-encompassing as culture is for the developing individual is likely to be ignored, or if noticed, to be taken for granted. And just as quickly as
This article delves into the pivotal role of psychological screening in diabetes care within the framework of health psychology. The introduction provides an overview of diabetes and emphasizes the significance of psychosocial factors in its management. The subsequent sections explore the intricate relationships between stress, depression, and anxiety, and their impact on blood glucose levels
Assimilation refers to the integration of one culture into another. This integration may include changes in cultural characteristics such as language, appearance, food, music, and religion among other customs. Cultural values and beliefs also influence this integration of cultures. Assimilation is relevant to sport performance in that sports occur in the context of culture, society,
Cultural pluralism is a form of cultural diversity in certain countries where cultures can still maintain their unique qualities and combine to form a larger richer whole. In many countries, including the United States, the term multiculturalism is used synonymously or in place of cultural pluralism. According to Newman (1973, p. 29), societies can range
This article explores the psychological benefits of health disclosure within the realm of health psychology, shedding light on the multifaceted advantages of individuals sharing their health-related information. The introduction sets the stage by defining health disclosure and emphasizing its significance in health psychology. The three main body sections delve into the therapeutic value of self-disclosure
In sport and exercise psychology, anticipation usually refers to the ability to quickly and accurately predict the outcome of an opponent’s action before that action is completed. Skilled athletes can use bodily cues to anticipate outcomes at earlier moments in an action sequence than can unskilled athletes, allowing them more time to perform an appropriate
Human development takes place in the interaction of a child and the culture in which he or she matures. Culture can be conceived of as knowledge, skills, practices, and values that are created and shared by groups of people. Processes of development and processes of culture are inextricably intertwined. An important aspect of psychological development
This article explores the intricate dynamics of disclosure decisions within the context of chronic illness, shedding light on the multifaceted factors that influence individuals’ choices to reveal their health condition. Delving into the realms of individual, interpersonal, and cultural influences, the first section elucidates how personal beliefs, perceived stigma, social support, and cultural norms intertwine
In recent years, there has been an increase in research and practical applications concerning the use of biofeedback training for athletic performance enhancement. It is important to be aware that the terms biofeedback and biofeedback training are not identical, and therefore need to be defined separately. Biofeedback (BFB) is the output from an electronic device
The study of culture and mental health is concerned with understanding the relationships of cultural factors to the etiology, assessment, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of psychopathology. Interest in the study of cultural variables is relatively new although the importance of examining and comparing psychopathology across cultures was first acknowledged in 1904 by the father of
This article delves into the multifaceted domain of therapeutic disclosure in mental health within the framework of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the concept’s definition and underscores its pivotal role in mental health treatment, tracing its historical evolution. The theoretical foundation section explores the interplay between Therapeutic Disclosure and Attachment Theory, Self-Disclosure, and Cognitive-Behavioral perspectives
There are several prevailing models that connect psychological factors and sport injury, each with slightly different perspective on relevant biological, psychological, or social factors. Moreover, prevailing models have typically focused either on incorporating psychosocial factors in predicting and preventing sport injury incidence or upon identifying psychosocial factors associated with injury recovery and rehabilitation outcomes. Extensive
Culture of Honor Definition A culture of honor is a culture in which a person (usually a man) feels obliged to protect his or her reputation by answering insults, affronts, and threats, oftentimes through the use of violence. Cultures of honor have been independently invented many times across the world. Three well-known examples of cultures
This article delves into the intricate relationship between social support and disclosure outcomes within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides a succinct overview of the pivotal role social support plays in health contexts, setting the stage for an exploration of theoretical frameworks guiding the understanding of social support mechanisms. The body of the
Body awareness is described as awareness of, and attentiveness to, one’s internal bodily processes and sensations. It is a sensitivity to normal bodily states that is separate from emotion yet originates from sensory proprioception and introspection and entails one’s focus of attention toward the self. Arguably, the most common perspectives used to understand body awareness
Some of the earliest records of human culture describe people traveling to foreign lands for trade or conquest. Today people travel in order to find work, to study or teach. They make brief trips (e.g., for vacations) or settle permanently in a country other than their own. Such travel inevitably involves personal contact between culturally
This article explores the intricate dynamics of stigma and disclosure within the realm of health conditions, anchoring its discourse in the principles of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by defining stigma, emphasizing its pervasive influence in health settings, and outlining the article’s objectives. The first body section delves into a nuanced understanding of
Body dissatisfaction is the negative subjective evaluation of one’s body as it relates to body size, shape, muscularity or muscle tone, weight, and fitness. Body dissatisfaction is considered to be an important negative affective factor related to body image. Typically, dissatisfaction involves a perceived discrepancy between one’s current body and one’s ideal body that fosters
Psychological disorders considered specific to particular ethnocultural groups because of distinct cultural factors influencing the etiology, meaning, expression, and for treatment of the disorder are referred to as culture-bound activities. The term is used in contrast to those psychological disorders considered to be “universal.” In its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the
This article explores the pivotal role of disclosure in patient-provider communication within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the significance of effective communication in healthcare, the discussion delves into factors influencing patient disclosure, such as trust, cultural considerations, and the fear of judgment. Subsequently, the article elucidates communication strategies that facilitate
Most people would like to change something about their physical appearance, and this normative discontent is not usually indicative of a serious body image issue. However, some individuals may feel extreme preoccupation with an aspect of their appearance: they perceive to be flawed. Typically, this perception is inaccurate or exaggerated and indicative of body dysmorphia.
Erotic Plasticity Definition Erotic plasticity refers to the degree to which the sex drive is shaped by social, cultural, and situational factors. The sex drive refers to the motivation (desire) to have sex. High plasticity indicates that the person’s sexual desires are strongly influenced by social and cultural factors (including meaningful aspects of the immediate
Neural plasticity is the mechanism by which the brain encodes experience and learns new skills, behaviors, and habits in daily life and on the athletic field. Brain cells called neurons form a communication network that serves as the foundation of information processing in the brain. The neural network of the brain holds the capacity to
The article delves into the crucial realm of confidentiality and disclosure ethics within the domain of health psychology, investigating its theoretical foundations, challenges, and strategies for effective implementation. Beginning with an exploration of the historical and legal frameworks shaping confidentiality in healthcare, the piece highlights the alignment of confidentiality with ethical principles like autonomy, beneficence
Action theory represents a general model of work-related cognition and behavior with implications for a wide range of topics in industrial/organizational psychology. Inspired by Lewin’s field theory, American cybernetic models, and Russian and Polish approaches, German work psychologists initiated the development of action theory in the late 1960s. As the core concept of the theory
Neuroimaging includes various techniques that either directly or indirectly image the structure and the function of the human brain. Thus, neuroimaging can be divided into two categories: structural imaging and functional imaging. Structural imaging examines the structure of the brain (like gray and white matter) and the possible changes that occur in these structures with
In the era of the digital age, the landscape of health disclosure has undergone a profound transformation, shaping the dynamics of communication and information sharing within online spaces. This article delves into the intricate intersection of health psychology and digital platforms, exploring the evolving nature of health disclosure in the digital age. The introduction sets
Today, more than 70% of organizations have adopted some kind of empowerment initiative for at least part of their workforce. To be successful in today’s business environment, companies need the knowledge, ideas, energy, and creativity of every employee, from frontline workers to the top-level managers in the executive suite. The best companies accomplish this by
Breathing strategies are often used as the basis for several advanced relaxation techniques, including progressive muscular relaxation, meditation, and calming imagery. However, breathing strategies act as an important technique in their own right to help physically and mentally relax the performer. Provided here is a synopsis of breathing exercises, based on the guidelines by Jean
This article delves into cultural variations in health disclosure within the context of health psychology. The introduction establishes the significance of understanding cultural influences on health disclosure, framing the subsequent exploration. The first body section dissects how cultural factors, such as collectivism vs. individualism, communication styles, and stigma around mental health, shape individuals’ willingness to
Among the most influential theories of work motivation to appear during the second half of the 20th century in Western psychology and organizational behavior was, in fact, a body of theories that were all variants of an expected-value formulation. In a nutshell, these theories held in common the premise that the motivational force a person
Modern sport culture is replete with qualities thought to make burnout prevalent, including high training volumes and competitive demands, near year-round training, and in some sports, specialization at young ages. Given this sport landscape and the concerns raised by sport scientists and others involved in the sport community (coaches and administrators), the importance of athlete
This article explores the intricate phenomenon of disclosure within the realm of sexual health education, emphasizing its critical role in fostering understanding and promoting positive outcomes. Grounded in established psychological theories such as Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model, and Theory of Planned Behavior, the theoretical framework section provides a foundation for understanding disclosure dynamics
An employee’s performance is a function of ability as well as motivation. Ability refers to a person’s knowledge and skill. Knowledge and skill alone do not lead to action. Motivation is the choice to exert effort and to persist, drawing on knowledge and skill, until a desired goal is attained. A typology for understanding motivation
The Coventry, Aberdeen, and London—Refined (CALO-RE) taxonomy of behavior change techniques builds on initial work on classifying psychological techniques used in intervention to change behavior, with a particular emphasis on physical activity and healthy eating. The taxonomy aims to provide a common language for the organization, identification, and adoption of behavior change techniques in interventions.
This article explores the intricate relationship between body image distortions and eating disorders within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of body image distortions and a broad overview of eating disorders, the paper delves into specific manifestations within Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. Drawing upon empirical studies, the analysis
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a concept addressing a variety of aspects in the interaction between humans and computers. These aspects include how a user commands the computer; how the computer presents information to the users and performs their commands; and how this interaction begins, proceeds, and ends. On a broader scope, HCI is often viewed
Cardiac function refers to the contraction of cardiac muscle, which works as a pump to send blood throughout the circulatory system to provide adequate blood flow to organs and tissues. The heart achieves this by contracting its muscular through the aortic valve, into the aorta, and throughout the body. To accomplish this, the heart must
This article explores the role of psychological interventions in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, a severe and potentially life-threatening eating disorder. The introduction sets the stage by elucidating the prevalence and significance of anorexia, emphasizing the need for a psychological perspective in its treatment. The first section delves into Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), examining its theoretical
In the field of human resources and compensation, incentives are specific rewards that are offered contingent on the achievement of some predetermined level of performance, or the performance of some specific type of behavior viewed as desirable by the organization. It could be argued that the earliest systems of exchange between organizations and individuals were
In order to prepare athletes for and support them during transitions, career assistance programs (CAPs) have been developed by elite sport organizations like a national sport governing body, universities, and private organizations. These CAPs generally consist of an integrated and comprehensive combination of workshops, seminars, educational modules, individual counseling, and referral networks providing individualized or
This article explores the intersection of eating disorders and body dysmorphia in men within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides an overview of eating disorders, dispels myths surrounding their prevalence in men, and discusses societal pressures contributing to the development of these disorders. The second section delves into the concept of body dysmorphia
Intrinsically motivated people engage in an activity because they experience it as interesting and enjoyable. Intrinsic motivation is the prototype of autonomous motivation, for people engage in the activity with a sense of self-initiation, freedom, and volition. In contrast, extrinsically motivated people engage in the activity because it is instrumental to a separate, though desirable
Career transitions are turning phases in athletes’ career development. Therefore, they should be first defined in terms of their place in the career context. The broadest career term in psychology is a life career that encompasses an individual’s life-long development and achievements in various activities and spheres of life that unfold in a particular historical
This article provides an examination of Family-Based Therapies (FBTs) for eating disorders within the realm of health psychology. The introduction outlines the significance of eating disorders, their prevalence, and the consequential impact on both individuals and families. The subsequent section offers an overview of FBTs, delving into the theoretical underpinnings such as Family Systems Theory
The primary objectives of job characteristics theory (JCT) are to explain how properties of the organizational tasks people perform affect their work attitudes and behavior, and to identify the conditions under which these effects are likely to be strongest. The most recent version of the theory is shown in Figure 1. As shown in the
Understanding and ultimately optimizing the experience of individuals involved in physical activity is a focal point in sport and exercise psychology. From a social cognitive perspective, perceptions of the psychological climate represent an individual’s perceptions of what is valued, emphasized, and promoted in a particular setting. Recently, Maria Newton and colleagues have identified a facet
This article delves into the intricate relationship between emotional regulation and eating disorders within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of emotional regulation’s foundational components and its paramount significance in maintaining psychological well-being, the discussion navigates through the landscape of eating disorders, offering insights into their definitions, classifications, and prevalence. The core
Job design has generated substantial theoretical and empirical interest in the past decades. The purpose of this article is to describe and evaluate the most significant approaches to job design. Job Design for Individuals Industrial Engineering The first to undertake job design for individuals was Frederick W. Taylor, who developed the industrial engineering or scientific management
This article explores the imperative task of preventing eating disorders in youth within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, the introduction underscores the prevalence and detrimental impact on youth health. Recognizing the long-term consequences of these disorders, the article posits the
Athletes are often faced with a variety of factors that can throw off their focus on the athletic task, such as worry, unexpected events, and physical exhaustion. Therefore, it is important for athletes to be able to focus or refocus their attention on the athletic task, despite frequently changing circumstances. In this regard, centering is
Job involvement refers to a state of psychological identification with work—or the degree to which a job is central to a person’s identity. From an organizational perspective, it has been regarded as the key to unlocking employee motivation and increasing productivity. From an individual perspective, job involvement constitutes a key to motivation, performance, personal growth
Professional certification serves to identify individuals who have obtained or maintained qualifications to perform a specific work responsibility or task. Furthermore, certification indirectly serves to safeguard the public interest by assuring that the public can identify qualified professionals. In the United States, the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) certifies master’s and doctoral trained professionals
This article delves into the intricate relationship between eating disorders and comorbid psychopathology within the domain of health psychology. The introduction establishes the significance of understanding this intersection, outlining the prevalence and incidence rates of eating disorders while emphasizing the importance of examining their concurrent mental health conditions. The subsequent sections explore the three major
The term job rotation is used to describe two different rotation processes. First, job rotation is used to describe the process of workers with high physical demands or highly repetitive tasks alternating or rotating from these highly physically demanding tasks or from repetitive tasks to other tasks. The rotation may take place to expose the
The term character has a long, complex, and controversial history. An old adage holds that “sport builds character” and historically the inclusion of sport programs in educational settings often has been justified through appeal to their supposed character-building efficacy. The following entry elaborates on the meaning of character and discusses how sport researchers have dealt
This article explores the intricate relationship between eating disorders and cross-cultural perspectives within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with a succinct introduction to the prevalent eating disorders—Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder—the article underscores the significance of investigating these phenomena through diverse cultural lenses. The first section delves into the cultural influences
Job sharing describes the sharing of one full-time job by two part-time employees, requiring interaction and collaboration between two part-time employees in completing work goals. Generally, pay and benefits are distributed equally between the part-time workers involved in job sharing. Objectives of job sharing include improved management of work and family responsibilities, better retention of
Cheating in sport is a violation of an explicit or implicit promise to follow the rules of a sporting activity. This promise is an honorable action that an athlete takes to assure the opponent, the fans, and all interested parties that the rules will be followed. An example of an explicit promise is the International
This article delves into the intricate interplay between neurobiology and psychological treatments within the realm of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by highlighting the crucial importance of understanding neurobiological mechanisms in the context of mental health. The first section explores the neurobiology of psychological disorders, examining specific brain regions, neurotransmitters, and the role
Among the best-known theories of work motivation in both academic and applied settings are models predicated on the assumption that, at root, humans are need-driven creatures, most of whose behavior can best be understood by examining their need states and identifying the goals or goal states they seek to satisfy their needs. What is a
Researchers, spectators and performers alike are often intrigued, and sometimes shocked, if motivated people perform dramatically worse than usual in important, high-pressure situations. This can happen not only in sports but in almost any domain in which people are specifically motivated to do well, be it music, surgery, academic examinations, or even a driving test.
This article on recovery and relapse in eating disorders explores the multifaceted nature of the journey towards overcoming eating disorders, emphasizing the significance of recovery and the challenges associated with relapse prevention. The introduction delves into the definition of eating disorders, their prevalence, and the consequential impact on both physical and mental health. The article
Positive Psychology History The roots of inquiry into what is good about human nature and optimal human functioning can be traced back to Aristotle. Indeed, the initial impetus of modern psychology was to gain an understanding of transcendent experience. This objective was echoed in humanistic psychology’s interest in the self-actualizing potential of human beings. However
This article explores the intricate interplay between psychosocial adaptation and the challenging realm of dialysis within the domain of health psychology. Following an introduction delineating the concept of psychosocial adaptation and its significance in health psychology, the discussion delves into the psychological challenges faced by individuals undergoing dialysis. These challenges encompass emotional responses such as
Cognitive psychologists argue that over time, task-related knowledge is organized into information-rich representations or chunks, a process termed chunking. Dechunking refers to when well developed chunks are broken down into a number of smaller chunks or bits of information. Chunking is a fundamental building block of human memory and underlies the learning of perceptual and
Ethnocentrism Definition Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through the lens of one’s own culture. That is, individuals tend to judge others’ behaviors, customs, beliefs, and attitudes by their own cultural standards. The phenomenon of ethnocentrism is believed to occur largely because individuals have the greatest awareness and information about their own culture
This article explores the intricate dynamics of end-of-life decision making in the context of renal failure within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of renal failure and its psychological impact, the article delves into the multifaceted factors influencing end-of-life decisions, including patient autonomy, family dynamics, and cultural considerations. It highlights the pivotal
The coach–athlete relationship is a unique interpersonal relationship characterized by mutually and interconnected thoughts, feelings, and emotions between an athlete and a coach. There are different types of coach–athlete relationships, including traditional coach–athlete dyads (the coach and athlete are not related in any way other than their coaching relationship), married coach– athlete dyads, and family
The study of work motivation centers on why employees initiate, terminate, or persist in specific work behaviors in organizations. Most traditional theories of work motivation are built on the premise that individuals act in ways that maximize the value of exchange with the organization. However, the nature of an individual’s work motivation may also involve
Self-efficacy judgments are domain-specific beliefs held by individuals about their ability to successfully execute differing levels of performance given certain situational demands (a situation-specific self-confidence). Coaching efficacy is the extent to which a coach believes in the personal capacity to affect the learning and performance of the athletes. Efficacy beliefs of a head coach play
This article delves into the intricate relationship between renal disease and cognitive impairment within the domain of health psychology, aiming to provide an understanding of the multifaceted factors contributing to cognitive decline in individuals with renal conditions. The exploration begins with an insightful overview of cognitive functioning affected by renal disease, focusing on memory, attention
Albert Bandura defined self-efficacy as a person’s belief in his or her capability to successfully perform a particular task. Together with the goals that people set, self-efficacy is one of the most powerful motivational predictors of how well a person will perform at almost any endeavor. A person’s self-efficacy is a strong determinant of his
In the domain of sport, the term cognitive capabilities refers to the athlete’s aptitude to process, evaluate, select, and compare information. Cognitive capabilities are encompassed in the cognitive system and serve as a linkage between the perceptual and motor systems. Thus, these assume the role of interpreters, translating environmental stimuli into meaningful patterns for further
This article explores the intricate relationship between emotional support and renal transplantation within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the renal transplant process, the introduction emphasizes the critical role emotional well-being plays in the journey of both recipients and living donors. The subsequent sections delve into the psychological challenges faced by
The term self-regulation refers to a complex and dynamic set of processes involved in setting and pursuing goals. It is commonly used to refer to a broad set of theories that seek to describe, explain, and predict these goal-directed processes. Although many theories of self-regulation exist, each proposing some unique characteristics, researchers generally agree on
Cognitive function refers to the mental process of knowing or thinking. It involves all aspects of mental processes that enable individuals to perceive, recognize, process, and understand thoughts. Specifically, cognitive function involves processes such as action, attention, memory, learning, reasoning, planning, problem solving, decision making, and communication. These cognitive functions are not only important to
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) poses a profound challenge to individuals’ physical, psychological, and social well-being, necessitating a comprehensive exploration of the Quality of Life (QoL) in affected populations. This article delves into the multifaceted aspects of ESRD, providing an overview of its defining characteristics, prevalence, and associated medical complexities. A critical examination of the factors
Social cognitive theory explains human accomplishments and well-being in terms of the interplay between individuals’ attributes, their behavior, and the influences operating in their environment. According to this view, people are contributors to their life circumstances, not just the products of them. They are characterized by a number of basic capabilities. These include cognitive, vicarious
Cognitive restructuring is a technique that is commonly taught to athletes by sport psychologists in which self-defeating thoughts and negative self-statements are identified and substituted with positive, adaptive self-statements, and coping thoughts. Cognitive restructuring was originally developed in clinical settings and has since been used by practitioners in various contexts (including sport) to address a
This article explores the intricate interplay between renal disease and family systems, elucidating the multifaceted impact on individuals undergoing the physiological challenges of renal disease and the ripple effects within familial units. Delving into the physiological ramifications, the first section examines the stress and coping mechanisms implicated in response to renal disease, establishing a foundation
The idea for telecommuting started in the early 1970s. A scientist stuck in Los Angeles traffic reasoned that a good deal of time and stress could be saved by moving the work to the employee instead of always moving the employee to the work. Since that time, communication technologies (e.g., fax, mobile phones, e-mail, the
Broadly defined, cognition refers to mental operations involving information processing and thus includes processes such as perception, problem solving, memory recall, and decision making. The term cognitive styles refers to the different approaches people characteristically use in undertaking cognitive tasks. Considered to be a personality trait and representing both nature and nurture effects, cognitive styles
This article explores the pivotal role of patient education in the management of renal diseases from a health psychology perspective. Beginning with an elucidation of renal disease and its pervasive impact on overall health, the article emphasizes the importance of empowering patients through knowledge. The first section delves into a nuanced understanding of renal disease
The theory of work adjustment (TWA) describes how and explains why workers adjust to their work environments. It depicts adjustment as the interaction of person (P) with environment (E). Interaction refers to P and E acting on as well as reacting to each other. P and E interact because, to begin with, each has requirements
Cognitive task analysis (CTA) refers to a suite of scientific methods designed to identify the cognitive skills, strategies, and knowledge required to perform tasks proficiently. The goal of CTA is to use this information to improve instruction, training, and technological design (e.g., decision aids) for the purposes of making work more efficient, productive, satisfying, and
The article explores the critical topic of adherence to treatment in renal disease within the realm of health psychology. In the introduction, the complex nature of renal disease is briefly outlined, emphasizing the pivotal role adherence plays in managing this condition. The subsequent section delves into the multifaceted factors influencing adherence, categorizing them as patient-related
Before the mid- to late 1950s, it always made sense to most people who thought about it that the opposite of employee job satisfaction was job dissatisfaction and that the opposite of job dissatisfaction was job satisfaction. The more a person had one of these on the job, the less he or she had of
Cohesion represents the degree to which task and social bonds exist among group members, as well as the strength of individuals’ attractions to the task and social activities of the group. This entry briefly highlights the history, characteristics, conceptualization, measurement, and correlates of cohesion within sport and exercise environments. History Interest in and discussion surrounding
This article delves into the intricate relationship between depression and anxiety in dialysis patients, offering an examination of the prevalence, contributing factors, and impact of these mental health challenges within the context of renal replacement therapy. The exploration of depression encompasses a detailed discussion on diagnostic criteria, prevalence rates, and multifaceted contributors such as chronic
Workaholism is a popular term used to describe individuals who are captivated by work. The term workaholic was first coined more than 30 years ago to refer to an individual whose increased need to work hinders one or more life functions. Over the years it has become a colloquial term used increasingly in the popular
Albert Bandura defined collective efficacy (CE) as a group’s shared belief in its conjoint capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given levels of attainments, that is, situation-specific confidence in a group’s ability. A commonly used definition of CE in sport and exercise is a group’s (e.g., a sport team
This article explores the intricate interplay between renal disease and sexuality, as well as the multifaceted challenges individuals face regarding fertility issues within this health context. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of renal disease, emphasizing the need to address associated sexuality and fertility concerns due to their pervasive impact on mental health. The first
The term applicant reactions is used to refer to an applicant’s affect, attitudes, and cognitions toward a selection process. Applicant reaction models suggest that reactions are very complex and involve perceptions of multiple aspects of specific tests and the testing process in general. Stephen Gilliland was one of the first researchers to put forth a
Clients in sport and exercise psychology contexts are from a diversity of cultural backgrounds. The terms individualism and collectivism have recently been integrated within sport psychology as elements of one criterion by which to understand the client’s cultural standpoint. Individualism has often been associated with mainstream clients who are white and from the Western hemisphere.
The article explores the intricate relationship between health disparities and racial discrimination within the field of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of addressing health disparities and outlines the pervasive influence of racial discrimination in healthcare. The first section delves into the conceptual framework of health disparities, elucidating their measurement, and exploring multifaceted contributing
Banding refers to the procedure of grouping test scores into ranges and treating scores within a particular range as equivalent when making personnel decisions. After an organization collects test scores from candidates who applied for a job, a hiring decision must be made using these scores. There are a number of approaches for making these
Sport commitment is a central motivational construct because it goes right to the heart of athletes’ persistent pursuit of their sport. Simply put, it is a psychological state explaining why athletes do what they do. There are two types of sport commitment: enthusiastic and constrained. Enthusiastic commitment (EC) is the psychological construct representing the desire
This article explores the vital concept of cultural competence in the realm of health care within the framework of health psychology. Commencing with a definition, the introduction elucidates the significance of cultural competence in fostering equitable and effective healthcare delivery. The ensuing sections delve into the foundational aspects of cultural competence, tracing its historical evolution
Most people participate in some form of paid labor during their lifetime. Typically, they engage in a series of jobs. As these jobs become increasingly related to one another, a career unfolds. This process occurs throughout the life span. Several theories have been proposed to describe the process of career development. Three of the most
Competence motivation theory is a conceptual framework designed to explain individuals’ motivation to participate, persist, and work hard in any particular achievement context. The central thesis of the theory is that individuals are attracted to participation in activities at which they feel competent or capable. The theory can be used by researchers and practitioners in
This article explores the intricate relationship between racial identity and health outcomes within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of the conceptualization of racial identity, the discussion encompasses historical perspectives and theoretical frameworks, notably Cross’s Nigrescence Model, to elucidate the development of racial identity across the lifespan. The subsequent sections delve into
A career differs from a job in terms of the length, breadth, and depth of personal involvement. A career is a profession in which one makes progressive achievement, whereas a job is defined by specific tasks. Establishing a career serves many purposes, including providing sustainable income, expressing personal beliefs and values, and providing social connections.
Competition is often described as a contest, or a process of contesting, between two or more parties (organisms, individuals, or groups) for a scarce resource or good. The scarcity can result from nature or history, such as competition for limited food, or it can be created artificially, such as the good of winning a game.
This article delves into the intricate realm of health psychology by examining ethnic variations in disease prevalence. Beginning with an overview of the epidemiological landscape, the discussion navigates through the genetic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors contributing to variations in disease prevalence across ethnic groups. Emphasizing the significance of health disparities within ethnic minority populations, the
The simple act of receiving a paycheck for one’s job is the result of many complex processes involved in the art and science of compensation. Compensation systems are designed to comply with a large number of organizational objectives, including serving as an exchange for hourly labor, motivating behavior, and accomplishing social objectives such as covering
In sport psychology, concentration refers to focusing on sensory or mental events coupled with mental effort. It therefore relates primarily to the selective attention dimension in which individuals are able to selectively process some sources of information while ignoring others. It has its roots in the oft-cited quote from William James’s 1890 book The Principles
This article delves into the intricate interplay between cultural backgrounds and health beliefs within the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the pivotal role of health beliefs and their cultural underpinnings in shaping individuals’ perceptions of well-being. The first body section meticulously examines health beliefs in diverse cultures, exploring the ancient wisdom of Traditional
Credentialing is a process for granting a designation, such as a certificate or license, by measuring an individual’s competence in a specific knowledge, skill, or performance area. The purpose of credentialing is to assure the public that an individual meets the minimum requirements within an area of competence, typically an occupation or profession. There are
Several sources of evidence reveal that concentration, or the ability to focus on what is most important in any situation while ignoring distractions, is vital for success in sport. First, anecdotally, lapses in concentration can mean the difference between winning and losing at the Olympics. For example, at the 2008 Games in Beijing, rifle shooter
This article explores the intricate relationship between race and mental health stigma within the context of health psychology. The introduction delineates the definition and significance of mental health stigma, emphasizing the critical need to address its impact on diverse communities. The historical overview reveals the evolution of mental health stigma, underscoring racial disparities in its
The Dictionary of Occupational Titles, or DOT, is a comprehensive listing of job titles with accompanying job descriptions, available in a paper format, published by the U.S. Department of Labor. Since its inception in 1939, the DOT has served as an invaluable resource for human resource practitioners in developing job analyses and job descriptions. The
In 1954, Muzafer Sherif, O. J. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R. Hood, and Carolyn W. Sherif undertook a project that allowed them to examine inter and intragroup relationships in a naturalistic setting. This classic field-based experimental study, known as the Robbers Cave Experiment because of its location (Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma), involved
This article explores the multifaceted impact of racism on mental health within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an examination of the historical context, it delves into the persistent effects of racism on modern society, elucidating the psychological mechanisms involved, such as stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, and microaggressions. The second section scrutinizes epidemiological evidence, highlighting
Everett Hughes invoked the term dirty work in reference to jobs and tasks that are often seen as degrading, disgusting, or debasing. Dirty work is often seen as a necessary evil in society—someone needs to clean the streets, save lives in an emergency room, or guard inmates in a prison. Yet, although society acknowledges a
This article explores the pivotal role of cultural tailoring in the realm of health psychology, emphasizing its significance in addressing the diverse needs of populations. Beginning with an overview of cultural diversity’s impact on health beliefs and behaviors, the article delves into theoretical frameworks supporting cultural tailoring, including the Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive
Conformity refers to the process of matching one’s actions or beliefs with the behavior and norms of those around us. Research into the nature of this phenomenon was popularized by prominent social psychologists in the early to mid-20th century such as Muzafer Sherif and Solomon Asch. Today, there exists a well-established literature base regarding the
Organizations use drug and alcohol testing to determine whether an employee (or prospective employee) is under the influence of alcohol or specific drugs. The drugs included in the test are illegal drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, PCP, and methamphetamines and commonly abused legal drugs such amphetamines, barbiturates, and opiates. Drug and alcohol tests are also
This article delves into the intricate relationship between ethnicity and health care utilization within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the subject, the importance of studying ethnicity in health psychology is emphasized. The discussion is structured around three main sections, each exploring distinct factors that contribute to ethnic disparities in health
Sport psychology professionals maintain an ethical obligation to ensure services are helping clients (and conversely, not harming them), and thus allowing clients the opportunity to provide feedback is a key element of effective service provision. Components of Evaluation There are a variety of subjective (or self-report) and objective measures available that consultants can select to
Electronic human resources management (eHR) focuses on the use of technology to maintain employee records and enhance human resources (HR) processes, including job analysis, recruitment, selection, training, performance management, and compensation. There has been an increased use of eHR systems in recent years because they are thought to (a) streamline HR processes, (b) reduce cycle
This article delves into the intricate domain of racial disparities in pain management within the context of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of the definition and significance of these disparities, the article scrutinizes the multifaceted factors contributing to unequal pain management experiences among diverse racial and ethnic groups. It thoroughly examines the influence of
Consulting may be described as a temporary relationship that is developed when an individual or entity seeks information or advice. Consultation may occur at the individual, group, or organizational level. It is intended to help the designated client function more effectively and efficiently within a specific setting. Although consultation is a helping relationship, it differs
Employee selection is the process employers use to determine which candidates to choose for particular jobs or roles within the organization. (Some organizations select for a particular job, e.g., customer service representative, whereas others select for a role, e.g., management.) Often, employee selection connotes preemployment selection—that is, determining which external applicants to hire. However, the
Concepts from control theory date back to the early 1900s; however, the origination of control theory is usually ascribed to the publication of Norbert Wiener’s 1948 acclaimed work, Cybernetics: Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. To describe control theory simply, one could generalize that it is premised in understanding and describing self-regulating
Executive selection represents an important means of gaining competitive advantage for today’s organizations. However, such selection has not traditionally used the rich history of conceptual and empirical research on personnel selection that exists within the domain of industrial and organizational psychology. The high failure rate of today’s executives points to the need for more effective
Expatriates are employees who go overseas to accomplish a job-related goal. To remain competitive in the world marketplace or to obtain new marketing opportunities, multinational companies (MNCs) are sending increasing numbers of expatriates on international assignments. In fact, recent research estimates that more than 250,000 Americans currently are serving as expatriates on international assignments. This
This article in the field of health psychology explores the psychological dimensions of coping with disability. The introduction delineates the concept of disability in health psychology, emphasizing the crucial role of coping strategies in mitigating its impact on individuals. The main body of the article delves into the psychological intricacies of disability, unraveling emotional reactions
This health psychology article explores the relationship between emotional stress and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). The introduction sets the stage by briefly introducing CHD and underscoring the pivotal role of emotional stress in health. The first section elucidates the multifaceted nature of emotional stress, delineating its various types and their physiological underpinnings. The subsequent section
This article explores the intersection of psychology and cardiovascular health within the field of behavioral cardiology. Beginning with an introduction delineating the significance of understanding psychological aspects in heart disease, the article is structured into three interconnected sections. The first section delves into psychosocial risk factors, examining the intricate relationship between stress, depression, anxiety, and
This article explores the intricate relationship between depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) within the framework of health psychology. The introduction delineates CHD and depression individually, emphasizing the imperative to understand their interconnectedness. The body of the article investigates biological mechanisms, elucidating shared risk factors and inflammatory pathways that underscore the convergence of these conditions.
This article explores the intricate relationship between personality traits and the risk for heart disease within the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the significance of understanding personality in the context of health and outlines the purpose of the article. The body of the article is divided into three sections, each delving into specific
This article explores the pivotal role of psychosocial interventions in enhancing the well-being and outcomes of cardiac patients within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides context by highlighting the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and underscores the significance of addressing psychosocial factors in cardiac care. The subsequent section delves into the intricate relationship between
Conferences in the field of counseling offer students, practitioners, researchers, and scholars opportunities to gather, interact, and learn within a larger and often diverse environment. Individuals with common interests have formed societies and convened in groups for discussion and debate since the time of Socrates. In the field of psychology, the first formal meeting of
This article delves into the realm of cardiac psychology, focusing on the imperative task of managing fear and anxiety in individuals grappling with cardiovascular diseases. Beginning with an exploration of the intricate relationship between psychological factors and cardiac health, the article elucidates the nuanced understanding of fear and anxiety in the context of cardiovascular conditions.
The defining moment for most products that have reached an iconic status is the generic application of the product’s name, such as the use of “Kleenex” to indicate any brand of tissue. Similarly, the practice of consulting has reached a comparable level of renown and one is able to find it in almost every aspect
This article in the field of health psychology explores the multifaceted dimensions of recovery and adjustment post-heart attack. Beginning with an introduction to the prevalence and impact of heart attacks, the article elucidates the imperative role of health psychology in understanding and addressing the challenges individuals face in the aftermath of such cardiovascular events. The
Continuing education for individuals in the counseling professions is often required for maintenance of licensure or certification status. Agencies that offer licensing or certification for counselors include state organizations, professional associations, and specialty or national affiliations. The term counselors applies to persons who are licensed or have received specialized training in mental health fields such
This article explores the pivotal role of lifestyle interventions in the prevention of heart disease, a pervasive and detrimental health condition. Commencing with an elucidation of heart disease’s multifaceted nature, encompassing its definitions, types, prevalence, and associated risk factors, the introduction establishes the imperative of prevention in ameliorating its substantial public health impact. The ensuing
Counseling psychology was initially recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) as a distinct discipline of the Division of Counseling Psychology in 1944 (known initially as the Division of Personnel Psychologists). Division 17, now known as the Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP), has a membership of over 2500 psychologists. There have been four major conferences
This article explores the intricate relationship between social support and heart health within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with a foundational overview of heart health’s significance, the study delves into the multifaceted mechanisms of social support, examining emotional, instrumental, and informational dimensions. The subsequent section elucidates the psychological pathways through which social support influences
The credentials and credentialing processes described in this entry are recognitions that a practitioner voluntarily seeks. They provide indications of advanced training and skill as well as evidence that the practitioner has passed certain examinations. All of the credentials described are obtained after a degree has been completed and, in many instances, after a license
This article explores the crucial role of psychological factors in predicting success in cardiac rehabilitation programs. The introduction highlights the significance of understanding the interplay between psychological elements and cardiovascular health, setting the stage for an in-depth examination. The first section delves into the impact of patient motivation, self-efficacy, and coping mechanisms on adherence to
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) operates the largest integrated healthcare delivery system in the United States. Counseling has had an important and increasingly prominent role in the VA healthcare system since its establishment over 60 years ago. Administered by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), the VA healthcare delivery system contains the nation’s largest mental
This article delves into the psychological landscape of individuals undertaking the responsibility of caring for a relative with dementia. Commencing with an exploration of dementia’s prevalence and impact on families, the introduction underscores the significance of understanding and addressing the psychological ramifications for caregivers. The first section scrutinizes the cognitive and emotional toll on caregivers
In the current digital age, information is available in greater volumes and with faster access than in any prior time in history. Harnessing this information effectively can be a challenge and an opportunity for counseling educators and students. Technological innovations are changing the educational environment and allowing for a wide array of flexible education opportunities.
This article explores the pivotal role of behavioral management in dementia care within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to dementia and its profound impact, the article delineates the complex behavioral changes associated with the condition, emphasizing the challenges faced by caregivers. Theoretical foundations, such as person-centered care and behavioral interventions, form