The duty to warn refers to a counselor’s obligation to warn identifiable victims. The duty to protect is a counselor’s duty to reveal confidential client information in the event that the counselor has reason to believe that a third party may be harmed. The understanding of a counselor’s duty to warn begins with acknowledgment of
This article delves into the realm of health psychology with a focus on psychotherapeutic approaches for individuals experiencing dementia. Beginning with an exploration of dementia’s definition and societal impact, the introduction underscores the necessity of addressing psychological aspects in dementia care. The subsequent sections delve into three key psychotherapeutic approaches: behavioral interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
The Indian Health Service (IHS) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services responsible, since 1955, for providing federal health services to American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people. Its charge as the principal healthcare provider and health advocate for AI/ANs is to collaborate with federal entitlement programs, state or local
The term subliminal is derived from the terms sub (below) and limen (threshold), and it refers to perception so subtle it cannot reach conscious awareness. Most of the research on subliminal perception is done on visual subliminal perception. For instance, one can flash words or pictures so quickly on a computer screen (generally faster than
This article explores the pivotal role of Cognitive Stimulation Therapies (CST) in the context of dementia care within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of the prevalence and significance of dementia, the introduction establishes the imperative for effective interventions, leading to an in-depth overview of CST. This section delves into the historical
The International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance (IAEVG) is a worldwide educational guidance and counseling professionals association representing individuals as well as national and regional associations concerned with educational and vocational guidance on all continents. It currently has over 20,000 individual and institutional members, including careers practitioners, consultants, and university professors and lecturers. The
Thin Slices of Behavior Definition Thin slices of behavior is a term coined by Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal in their study examining the accurate judgments of teacher effectiveness. They discovered that very brief (10-second and even 2-second) clips of dynamic silent video clips provided sufficient information for naive raters to evaluate a teacher’s effectiveness
This article delves into the intricate interplay between dementia and the profound experience of grief and loss. The introduction sets the stage by providing a brief overview of dementia, emphasizing its prevalence, and highlighting the critical need to understand the emotional impact on both individuals with dementia and their caregivers. The subsequent sections intricately explore
Historically, interest in international psychology dates back to professional affiliations created in Paris over a century ago at the First International Congress of Psychology. Since then, a variety of organizations continue to support the professional interests of psychology worldwide (e.g., the American Psychological Association’s [APA’s] Division 17— International Special Interests Group, and Division 52—International Psychology).
The three-dimensional model of attribution posits that the explanations people give for the things that happen to them can vary on three distinct factors, and these variations have consequences for people’s mood, self-perception, and well-being. Attributions can be stable (true across time) or unstable (temporary); they can be internal (stemming from the person) or external
Early-onset dementia poses a significant challenge in the realm of health psychology, necessitating a comprehensive exploration of its multifaceted impact. This article delves into the cognitive and psychological implications, shedding light on the intricate challenges individuals face in memory retention, cognitive abilities, and executive functioning. Furthermore, it examines the emotional toll, encompassing prevalent issues of
Clearly, the world is rapidly changing and becoming a global village with increased interdependence, communication, travel, migration, and trade between countries. This entry summarizes the international developments in counseling psychology in the United States and worldwide. In the United States The U.S. counseling profession has a long and distinguished history, evolving from the vocational guidance
Value Pluralism Model Definition What happens when two or more values come into conflict? What will determine the level of conflict a person experiences, and how will the person go about resolving it? The value pluralism model (VPM) addresses these questions. The VPM, in its original form, consists of three interrelated sets of propositions: Underlying
This article delves into the intricate relationship between psychological well-being and dementia risk within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of the components of psychological well-being, the first section elucidates the positive impact of favorable mental states on cognitive functioning, supported by empirical evidence. The subsequent section scrutinizes the role of stress
Test use is an international enterprise. Tests are used widely in education, industry, government—including the military—and in other institutions to assist in decision making. The International Test Commission (ITC) was established in 1976 to address three test-related issues at an international level: test purchase by unauthorized persons, the questionable quality of some tests, and the
Compliance Definition Compliance refers to an overt, public action performed in accordance with a request from an external source. The request can be from another person(s) or from an object, such as an election billboard or marketing advertisement. Thus, compliance can occur in response to an explicit request, as in the former example, or an
This article delves into the realm of non-pharmacological interventions for dementia within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an insightful introduction to dementia and its societal impact, the article underscores the pivotal role of non-pharmacological approaches in dementia care. The first section explores Cognitive Stimulation Therapies, elucidating the rationale, diverse interventions, and empirical evidence
The concept for the Journal of Career Assessment (JCA) was developed in 1989 by W. Bruce Walsh of Ohio State University. On June 7, 1991, Robert Smith of Psychological Assessment Resources accepted the proposal to become the publisher of JCA. In January 1993, the first issue was published. Walsh was the first editor of the
Debiasing Definition Debiasing refers to the wide variety of techniques, methods, and interventions that are designed to eliminate or lessen potential errors, distortions, or other mistakes in people’s thinking, judgment, or decision making. Specific debiasing techniques can be placed into three general categories: (1) cognitive, involving things like changes in the ways in which decision
This health psychology article explores the intricate relationship between social engagement and cognitive decline, emphasizing the pivotal role of social interactions in shaping cognitive health. The first section delves into the concept of cognitive reserve, elucidating how various social activities contribute to building resilience against cognitive decline. Subsequently, the impact of loneliness and social isolation
The first issue of the Journal of Career Development (vol. 1, no. 1) was published in the fall of 1972 under the title Journal of Career Education. The following statement of purpose appeared in the first issue: This publication will endeavor to support and summarize the thrust of current trends in career education, with a
Door-in-the-Face Technique Definition The door-in-the-face is an influence technique based on the following idea: If you want to make a request of someone but you’re worried that they might say no, get them to say no to a larger request first. Although this approach may seem odd, psychologists have identified two reasons why a “no”
This article explores the intricate dynamics of dementia caregiver stress and presents a comprehensive examination of the challenges faced by individuals caring for those with dementia. The introduction outlines the significance of the issue and sets the stage for an in-depth analysis. The first section delves into the nature of caregiver stress, delineating the unique
The Journal of Vocational Behavior (JVB) publishes empirical, methodological, and theoretical articles that expand knowledge about vocational choice and work adjustment across the life span. Studies of vocational choice typically examine topics such as career choice; occupational interests; the relation of abilities, needs, values, interests, and personality to occupational aspirations and the career decision-making process;
Foot-in-the-Door Technique Definition The foot-in-the-door is an influence technique based on the following idea: If you want someone to do a large favor for you, get him or her to do a small favor first. The power of the foot-in-the-door stems from its ability to start with a small, innocuous request and move on to
The article delves into the phenomenon of denial within the realm of health psychology, with a specific focus on its manifestation in the context of chronic illness. The introduction provides an overview of denial and its relevance, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration. The first section elucidates the psychological underpinnings of denial, unraveling its
Mentoring is an activity or relationship that occurs between two or more persons interested in advancing their knowledge, skills or position via a helping relationship. A mentoring relationship is one in which a more skilled or knowledgeable person assists another who possesses less knowledge and/or skill in a particular area. These relationships typically last beyond
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is any behavior that is intended to harm an organization or its members. Common types of CWB include theft, sabotage, aggression toward others, and spreading rumors. Behavior on the part of employees that is intended to directly harm the organization, such as theft or sabotage, is commonly referred to as organizational
This article explores the intricate relationship between psychological theories of denial and health in the field of health psychology. The introduction provides an overview of denial in health contexts, emphasizing its significance and relevance in understanding health-related behaviors. The first section delves into the Freudian perspective on denial as a defense mechanism, elucidating its unconscious
Multicultural counseling competence—the intentional consideration and utilization of culture to facilitate therapeutic change—has become one of the most critical forces guiding the discipline of counseling psychology. In response to both the diversifying of the population of the United States and the civil rights, women’s rights, and gay and lesbian rights movements of the 1960s and
Current definitions of creativity focus on the outcome, that is, an idea or product that is original as well as useful. However, early work in the area of creativity focused on the creative individual and creativity in the domains of art and science. Research during this early period was directed primarily at understanding major breakthroughs
This article explores the intricate relationship between denial and addiction within the context of health psychology. The introduction delves into the definition of denial as a psychological defense mechanism and its relevance to addiction. Subsequently, the body of the article dissects denial mechanisms in addiction, delving into minimization, rationalization, projection, and the psychological factors that
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is the premiere civil rights organization in the United States with the largest membership and longest record of combating racism and discrimination. As a democratic, independent, grassroots organization, the NAACP played a vital role in every major civil rights struggle in the 20th century. The
This article provides an overview of some of the key scholarly developments in the area of customer satisfaction with services over the last 25 years. The service sector now dominates employment and gross domestic product figures for the United States and, more broadly, the economically developed world. However, this overview applies beyond the service sector
This article delves into the intricate realm of overcoming denial within the context of health behavior change, emphasizing its critical role in achieving positive health outcomes. The introduction sets the stage by outlining the significance of addressing denial and articulating the purpose of the article: to explore strategies for overcoming denial in health psychology. The
The National Career Development Association (NCDA) is the oldest nonprofit counseling professional organization in the United States. Its mission is “to promote the career development of all people over the life span.” It currently has about 4,000 members that include career counselors, consultants, counselor educators, students, and career service providers such as career development facilitators
The term cyberloafing refers to employees’ use of Internet and e-mail services provided by their employer for nonwork purposes during working hours. In other words, it is a high-tech method for employees to shirk their job duties while appearing to be working. Cyberloafing may include e-mailing jokes to friends, online shopping or game playing, downloading
This article delves into the intricate dynamics of denial and delay in seeking medical treatment, emphasizing their profound implications within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides a contextual backdrop, underscoring the criticality of timely medical intervention and outlining the scope of the subsequent exploration. The first section meticulously dissects the psychological underpinnings of
The National Latina/o Psychological Association (NLPA) is a national professional psychological organization that represents Hispanic/Latino/a issues in psychology. NLPA was founded in 2002 under the leadership of Patricia Arredondo, who became the founding NLPA president. The mission of NLPA is to generate and advance psychological knowledge and foster its effective application for the benefit of
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) refers to voluntary work behaviors that hurt or are intended to hurt the organization or its members. It includes acts with potential harm, such as theft, physical aggression, and sloppy work. These behaviors are voluntary in the sense that they go beyond task performance, and their occurrence, form, and intensity is
This article explores the intricate phenomenon of denial in the context of terminal illness within the realm of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by providing a nuanced understanding of terminal illness and defining the psychological intricacies of denial. The first section delves into the theoretical frameworks surrounding denial, emphasizing models such as the
Counselors have been eligible for licensing beginning in 1973 in Virginia. Currently, all states with the exception of Nevada and California have licensing, and there is considerable variability as to required credits, course titles and topics, and pre- and postgraduate hours of supervision. Credit requirements range from a master’s degree (no credit hours specified) to
Employee theft refers to the wrongful taking of money, goods, or property by an organization member. The target is most commonly the organization itself, but the definition would also encompass stealing from coworkers or customers. The psychological literature on employee theft focuses on money and physical goods, although the definition would also encompass intellectual property.
This article explores the intricate relationship between denial and treatment adherence within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of denial and its pivotal role in psychological mechanisms, the discussion progresses to dissect the impact of denial on treatment adherence through various theoretical frameworks, emphasizing the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
At present, postdoctoral supervised experience is required for licensure in most states, for some forms of institutional employment, and for board certification (e.g., American Board of Professional Psychology) in many specialty areas. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the requirement for postdoctoral hours for licensure as well as the definition of postdoctoral training itself. Recent
Innovation is defined as the successful implementation of a creative idea. Some suggest that although creativity needs to be truly novel, innovation can be the adaptation of ideas in the current environment (so the idea is novel in this organization, but not completely novel). Others see innovation as a more inclusive term including both idea
This article in health psychology explores the intricate dynamics of denial and psychological defense mechanisms, shedding light on their multifaceted roles in shaping individual health behaviors and outcomes. The introduction elucidates the significance of denial within the broader context of health psychology, introducing the concept of defense mechanisms. The first section delves into denial as
The predoctoral internship, a vital component of professional psychology education and training, is one of the formative experiences for individuals obtaining doctoral degrees and licenses in psychology. Generally considered the capstone year of doctoral training, it provides students the opportunity to expand upon and integrate their clinical experiences, to be exposed to diverse patient populations
Almost all efforts of managers and human resources consultants have the objective of improving individual employee jobperformance, either directly or indirectly. Efforts such as personnel selection or training are aimed at improving performance directly, whereas interventions in other organizational processes (e.g., culture, climate, or team processes by reducing conflict, and increasing coordination across organizational members)
This article in the field of health psychology delves into the intricate dynamics of confronting denial in clinical practice. Beginning with an exploration of denial as a psychological defense mechanism, the introduction defines its relevance to health psychology and emphasizes its profound impact on treatment outcomes and patient resistance. The subsequent section elucidates the multifaceted
The American Counseling Association (ACA) is the primary organization to which professional counselors belong. The association includes 19 divisions, 56 branches, and 5 professional partners (i.e., affiliated organizations). Approximately 45,000 counselors from the United States and 50 other countries belong to ACA. The headquarters are in Alexandria, Virginia. According to the association’s bylaws, their mission
Organizational behavior management (OBM) combines the principles of B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory with applications in work settings. It espouses the same basic tenet as reinforcement theory: Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. What occurs after rather than before the behavior of interest is the focus, as exemplified in the principles of reinforcement
This article explores the intricate relationship between denial, risk perception, and health communication within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of denial’s conceptualization and psychological underpinnings, the first section delves into its profound impact on health behavior, treatment adherence, and potential interventions. The subsequent section scrutinizes risk perception, elucidating its definition, influential
If individuals are interested in a career in counseling or psychology, there are various degrees they can pursue. These fields are very diverse and offer a number of opportunities for those who wish to obtain a master’s or doctoral degree. Master’s Degree There are many different master’s level programs that train students in basic counseling
Although the origin of what is called organizational citizenship behavior, contextual performance, or prosocial organizational behavior can be traced back to classic management and organizational science treatises, serious theoretical and empirical research in the area did not begin until the late 1970s. Researchers Dennis Organ, Walter Borman, Stephen Motowidlo, Phillip Podsakoff, and Scott MacKenzie have
This article delves into the multifaceted realm of dental anxiety and phobia, offering an exploration of their origins, distinguishing features, and their pervasive impact on oral health. Beginning with an insightful introduction, the narrative navigates through the intricate factors contributing to dental anxiety, such as past traumatic experiences and the fear of pain, elucidating the
The United States defines “rural” communities as those of 2,500 people or fewer. A more natural definition is tied to population density: People who live in geographically isolated, low-population areas where occupations are tied to natural resources have more in common with each other than they do with people in cities and towns of any
Organizational retaliatory behavior refers to actions taken by disgruntled employees in response to perceived injustice at work. Organizational retaliatory behavior can take many forms, including withholding effort or citizenship behaviors, intentionally performing tasks incorrectly, purposely damaging equipment, taking supplies or materials, taking longer breaks than allowed, calling in sick, spreading rumors about people at work
This article delves into the intricate realm of health psychology, specifically examining the profound psychological effects of chronic oral conditions on individuals’ mental well-being. Beginning with an overview of health psychology and emphasizing the integral role of oral health in overall wellness, the article systematically explores three key dimensions. The first section scrutinizes the impact
The integration of professional practice with scientific thinking and research has been a defining characteristic of professional psychology since its inception, although it was first formally articulated as part of the doctoral training model at the Boulder conference in 1949. The scientist-practitioner model has been central to counseling psychology identity and training since its endorsement
The term time management became familiar in the 1950s and 1960s as referring to a tool to help managers make better use of available time. The tool was based on practical experience, in the form of dos and don’ts. The term appears to indicate that time is managed, but actually activities are managed over time.
This article explores the application of behavioral approaches in promoting oral health within the realm of health psychology. The introduction outlines the significance of oral health and introduces the overarching theme of behavioral interventions. The first section delves into prominent behavioral theories, such as the Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Transtheoretical Model
The American Psychological Association (APA) is organized with divisions that focus on specialty and interest areas within psychology. As one of the 56 divisions of APA to date, the Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues (also known as Division 45) has its own governance structure elected by its members. The Society for
Forewarning Definition A forewarning is a warning of an impending influence attempt. Forewarnings include such phrases as, “and now a word from our sponsors,” that precede ads designed to persuade listeners. Consistent with the old adage, “forewarned is forearmed,” psychologists have discovered that forewarning often leads to resistance, which is decreased persuasion in the direction
This article explores the intricate interplay between dental aesthetics and psychological well-being within the realm of health psychology. Commencing with an elucidation of dental aesthetics and its societal significance, the historical perspective delves into the evolution of cultural norms shaping perceptions of dental beauty. The ensuing examination of the psychosocial impact unfolds through three distinct
The Society for Vocational Psychology is a professional organization that has as its purpose to encourage, promote, and facilitate contributions to research, teaching, practice, and public interest in vocational psychology and career intervention. The society is one of several interest groups within the Society of Counseling Psychology (Division 17) of the American Psychological Association. Society
The heuristic-systematic model is a theory of persuasion that suggests attitudes can change in two fundamentally different ways. One way is through systematic processing, whereby people think carefully about any available information when forming an opinion to determine whether the information is accurate or valid. Attitudes are then based on the conclusions from this careful
This article delves into the realm of pain management techniques in dentistry from a health psychology perspective, recognizing the intricate interplay between psychological factors and the experience of dental pain. The introduction contextualizes the significance of pain management in dental care, setting the stage for an exploration of psychological dimensions in dental settings. The first
The Society of Indian Psychologists (SIP) is a formal professional organization of American Indian, Alaskan Native, and non-Native psychologists, as well as other affiliated professionals, whose purpose is to promote and improve the psychological health and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Additionally, SIP advocates for the development and application of culturally competent
Whistleblowing (or whistle-blowing) occurs when a member of an organization reports practices, under control of the organization, that are perceived to be illegal, immoral, or in some way illegitimate. Whistle-blower reports of organizational wrongdoing are increasingly making news headlines (e.g., fraud, corruption, and other unethical acts in organizations like Enron, WorldCom, Arthur Andersen, and Tyco).
This article explores the pivotal role of psychological assessment in dental procedures within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with a historical overview and theoretical foundation, the article delves into the intricate interplay between psychological factors and oral health. Specific attention is given to the impact of anxiety, stress, and psychosomatic connections on dental conditions.
Professional psychology as a field includes rigorous training covering a broad range of competencies, often within the domain of a specified course of study such as clinical psychology, counseling psychology, school psychology, or another area. Due to a variety of factors, an increasing focus on competency-based training and recognition of specialty training, with accompanying board
Informational Influence Definition Informational influence refers to new information or arguments provided in a group discussion that change a group member’s attitudes, beliefs, or behavior. Informational influence is likely to be stronger when a person is uncertain about the correct interpretation of reality and/or the correct behavior in a given context and therefore looks to
This article delves into the intricate relationship between stress and oral health, emphasizing the critical need for effective stress reduction strategies in dental settings. The introduction provides a contextual framework, elucidating the bidirectional influence of stress on oral health and overall well-being. The body of the article scrutinizes common stressors faced by dental patients, addressing
Standards and competencies in counseling represent attempts to articulate tacit knowledge into criteria and to regulate professional behavior. They are also important as the foundation of efforts in personnel certification and program accreditation. Standards are ubiquitous across modern society. Transnational bodies regulate standards through a representation process. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) creates and
Absenteeism (alternatively, absence) is an individual’s lack of physical presence at a given location and time when there is a social expectation for that person to be there. An absence is a behavioral outcome or state rather than a behavior itself, because many different actions can make up an absence, such as lying on the
This article explores the intricate relationship between psychiatric disorders and oral health within the domain of health psychology. The introduction establishes the interconnectedness of mental and physical well-being, emphasizing the significance of oral health in the broader context of overall health. The first section delves into the bidirectional impact of psychiatric disorders on oral health
The supervision of counselor and psychotherapist supervisees is one of the most important processes in training individuals to become practicing counseling psychologists. Supervision is the process by which a more experienced professional provides oversight, guidance, and consultation to one or more less experienced professionals (junior colleagues) or to one or more trainees aspiring to enter
In organizational research employee lateness can be considered the orphan of behavioral outcomes. Compared with absence and turnover, the two other commonly studied withdrawal behaviors in the field, investigations of lateness and its correlates are much fewer in number; and perhaps more important, they are not anywhere as rich in theoretical explanations of the underlying
Effective communication between dentists and patients is a pivotal aspect of healthcare, profoundly influencing overall health outcomes. This article explores the intricate dynamics of dentist-patient communication, emphasizing the significance of non-verbal cues, empathetic relationships, and patient-friendly language. Key communication strategies for dentists, including active listening, clear communication, and trust-building, are dissected to underscore their role
Achievement goals refer to the aim, purpose, or focus of a person’s achievement behavior. These goals are dynamic cognitive entities representing future-based possibilities that respond to changes in the person as well as the situation. They do not refer strictly to the level of aspired performance (as in the goal-setting literature) but, rather, to how
The term ingratiation refers to behaviors that a person illicitly enacts to make others like him or her or think well of his or her qualities as a person. There are many ways in which people can ingratiate themselves. One that is frequently used is to show interest in another person; ask questions, pay attention
This article explores the intricate dynamics surrounding adherence to dental treatment plans within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the significance of dental health and the importance of adherence, the article delves into the multifaceted factors influencing patients’ commitment to treatment plans. Individual factors such as cognitive, emotional, and socioeconomic aspects
Competence is a recurring theme in human movement whether the setting is sport, exercise, or rehabilitation. From the earliest days of life, people strive to feel effective in their unfolding interactions with the environment and, throughout the lifespan, people’s well-being is compromised when this need is thwarted. Despite the apparent universality of competence motivation, there
In its simplest form, turnover refers to whether an employee stays or leaves. Refinements in the measurement and definition of turnover have led researchers to consider the voluntariness, avoidability, and functionality of turnover. Voluntary turnover refers to situations in which employees have an opportunity to remain with their employer but choose to leave. Involuntary turnover
This article explores the intricate landscape of cognitive patterns in depression within the realm of health psychology, emphasizing the significance of understanding these patterns for effective intervention. The introduction sets the stage by defining depression and highlighting the importance of investigating cognitive processes. The first body section delves into the role of Negative Automatic Thoughts
The term adaptation has been integrated within the sport psychology literature, from as early as 1986. Initially mentioned in relation to elite athlete retirement, adaptation is a broad term associated with monumental change in the athlete’s life. People experience stress in their lives, and at certain times stress reaches a threshold, after which one must
Workplace incivility refers to behaviors that people experience at work that are rude and discourteous, and that generally go against norms for mutual respect and dignity. Examples of incivility include being berated for an action in which one played no part, being excluded from a meeting, and having one’s credibility undermined in front of others.
This article delves into the realm of Behavioral Activation (BA) as a potent intervention for depression within the framework of health psychology. The introduction outlines the pervasive impact of depression and underscores the need for effective therapeutic approaches. The first section explores the theoretical foundations of BA, tracing its historical roots in behaviorism and cognitive-behavioral
Physical education (PE) is considered an important vehicle for the promotion of physical activity, psychosocial development, and teaching dance, games, and sports skills. Unfortunately, children with disabilities are often inactive and socially isolated during PE despite laws requiring children with disabilities to be included in general educational schools, PE not excepted. This entry centers on
Every year, approximately 600 individuals in the United States are murdered at work, and 1.7 million individuals are the victims of nonfatal violence. Members of the public commit the vast majority of workplace homicides and assaults. Workplace violence perpetrated by the public can be categorized into two main types based on the perpetrator’s relationship to
This article delves into the realm of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) as an impactful intervention for depression within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the prevalence and significance of depression, the piece underscores the necessity for effective treatment strategies. The first section navigates the theoretical foundations of IPT, tracing its historical development
Exercise has been proposed as a potential treatment to help people quit smoking and, more recently, to treat addictions to alcohol and other drugs of abuse. This entry discusses the rationale and empirical support for the use of exercise as a treatment for addiction. Rationale Exercise has been proposed as a stand-alone or supplementary treatment
Ingratiation and ulterior motives underlying friendly behavior are most easily detected when the ingratiator in some way is dependent upon the target. This can occur, for instance, when the ingratiator is a single man out to find a date, and the target is beautiful woman; or when the target is the ingratiator’s teacher in school
This article delves into the intricate relationship between depression and chronic illness within the realm of health psychology. Opening with an exploration of depression’s definition and its significance in the context of chronic illnesses, the piece examines the bidirectional impact of these phenomena on each other. The first section elucidates the various types of chronic
Many of the benefits of exercise come through sustained participation. Unfortunately, it is difficult for sedentary individuals to start an exercise program, and of those that do approximately 50% on average will drop out in the first 3 to 6 months. Furthermore, after 12 months most people who started a new exercise program will be
Mere Exposure Effect Definition The mere exposure effect describes the phenomenon that simply encountering a stimulus repeatedly somehow makes one like it more. Perhaps the stimulus is a painting on the wall, a melody on a radio, or a face of a person you pass by every day—somehow all these stimuli tend to “grow on
This article explores the multifaceted landscape of Postpartum Depression (PPD) within the realm of health psychology, aiming to address its risk factors and intervention strategies. The introduction delineates the significance of PPD in maternal mental health, providing a concise overview of its global prevalence. The first section delves into the diverse risk factors associated with
Affect, also referred to as core affect, is the basic substrate of consciousness, its most elementary constituent. It is the constant readout of human feeling. Affect has a distinctive experiential quality that does not consist of nor require cognition or reflection. It is an inherent and necessary ingredient of emotions and moods; it is what
Minority Influence Definition Many tasks and decisions are completed by groups of people instead of by a single person. One challenge of group tasks and decisions is that members of groups are not always in agreement with each other; some members of the group might hold that one view or behavior is preferable, whereas other
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) poses a significant challenge to mental health, particularly during the dark winter months when individuals experience recurrent depressive symptoms. This article explores evidence-based strategies for managing SAD, encompassing diverse approaches ranging from the primary intervention of light therapy to psychological interventions like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Behavioral Activation. Pharmacological options are
Affective disorders, also known as mood disorders, are clinical psychological disorders. The most common affective disorders are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. A core feature of these disorders is dysfunction in emotion processing and neurohormonal regulation leading to subjective feelings of sadness, depressed mood, and loss of pleasure in things
Normative Influence Definition Normative influence refers to the fact that people sometimes change their behavior, thoughts, or values to be liked and accepted by others. This results in conformity, in the form of individuals altering their utterances or demeanor to be more like what they perceive to be the norm. At the individual level, pivotal
This article explores the intricate landscape of late-life depression, shedding light on the multifaceted challenges faced by elderly individuals. The introduction delineates the prevalence and significance of late-life depression, framing the subsequent discussion. The first section elucidates the contributing factors, spanning biological, psychosocial, and cognitive domains, unraveling the complex interplay of neurotransmitter imbalances, social isolation
Exercise can influence how people feel. This observation has attracted considerable research attention in the last 50 years. There are several reasons for this. First, if exercise can improve how people feel, this could have significant implications for mental health. Disorders impacting mood (depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder) and anxiety (generalized anxiety, phobia, posttraumatic stress) are
Nations and cultures differ among themselves in countless ways, ranging from something as superficial as how people dress, to more serious matters, such as unwritten rules of appropriate social conduct. But one of the universals of social behavior that transcends specific groups is the presence of hierarchical forms of social organization. That is, all civilized
This article delves into the intricate landscape of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) within the realm of health psychology. Commencing with a definition and exploration of the prevalence and significance of TRD, the introductory section establishes the context for the subsequent discussion. The body of the article unfolds in three segments, elucidating the criteria and contributing factors
Affirmation is the act of reflecting on core aspects of the self, such as important values, relationships, and personal characteristics like religion, music, or sports. Previous research shows that self-affirmation interventions can reduce psychological and physiological stress and defensiveness, while boosting personal responsibility and performance. Self-affirmation interventions and theory have promising applications in sports and
Persuasion Definition Persuasion is a method of changing a person’s cognitions, feelings, behaviors, or general evaluations (attitudes) toward some object, issue, or person. Although any change technique is sometimes referred to as persuasion regardless of the target of influence, the term more commonly refers to a method of change in which a person is deliberately
This article on depression prevention strategies explores the multifaceted landscape of depression within the framework of health psychology. Commencing with an elucidation of depression’s definition, prevalence, and impact, the introduction underscores the imperative of preventive measures. The subsequent sections delve into the intricate web of biological, psychological, and environmental risk factors contributing to depression, providing
Aggression has a long history in both sport and nonsport contexts. There is some variation in the definitions of aggression employed by different people. However, it is commonly agreed that aggression is a verbal or physical behavior that is directed intentionally toward another individual and has the potential to cause psychological or physical harm. In
Reactance Definition Broadly, reactance refers to the idea that people become upset when their freedom is threatened or eliminated, so much so that they attempt to reassert their lost freedom. The theory is relevant to the idea that humans are motivated to possess and preserve as many options and choices as possible. When people’s options
Hazardous alcohol use is a significant health problem that affects many people. In the United States, almost 10% of the population will meet past-year diagnostic criteria for either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence, with the highest rates occurring among college students and other young adults. Alcohol use disorders co-occur with mental health problems like depression,
Reciprocity Norm Definition Reciprocity norm is the rule of human interaction that says people need to reciprocate the action of another person. Simply, this means that when a person is given a gift (which can take any number of forms) by another, the person must repay the gift. Every investigated society has a version of
Every waking moment we face an important selection problem. How do we pick some information for further processing while ignoring almost everything else? This problem is not easy to solve given the brevity and fragility of our working memory (the mental system that regulates our conscious awareness) and the all but unlimited array of information
A reference group is any group that people use as a point of comparison to form their own attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. For example, new college students may use older (and presumably wiser) college students as a reference group to form their attitudes about politics, what clothes to wear, how much alcohol to drink
The term attention denotes the process by which we exert mental effort in focusing either on specific features of the world around us or on our own thoughts and feelings. An example would be a soccer goalkeeper who is preparing to defend against a corner kick from the opposing team must pay attention to the
Resisting Persuasion Definition Resistance is central to persuasion. Without resistance, persuasion is not necessary. Resistance to persuasion can be desirable, for example, when non-smokers repeatedly resist advertisements and peer pressure encouraging them to smoke. But resistance can also be an undesirable characteristic, as when smokers resist the many strong messages encouraging them to stop smoking
Coping with acute exertional sensations during physical effort expenditure requires optimal use of attentional resources. Association and dissociation are two broad attentional strategies for coping with exertional stimuli during effort expenditure. Association represents the shift of the attentional focus inward (to somatic sensations), and dissociation represents the shift of the attentional focus outward (away from
Scarcity Principle Definition According to the scarcity principle, objects become more attractive when there are not very many of them. This scarcity may be either real or imagined. People assume that because others appear to want something, and it is in short supply, it must be valuable. In a classic demonstration of the scarcity principle
The desire to perform as well as possible in situations with a high degree of (personally felt) importance is thought to create performance pressure. Paradoxically, despite the fact that performance pressure often results from aspirations to function at one’s best, pressure-packed situations are where major performance failures may be most visible. The term choking under
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Definition A self-fulfilling prophecy is a process through which someone’s expectations about a situation or another person leads to the fulfillment of those expectations. Thus, the expectancy becomes a cause, so that what is expected comes true because it was expected. The process includes three steps: (1) A perceiver forms an expectation of
Sleeper Effect Definition A sleeper effect in persuasion is a delayed increase in the impact of a persuasive message. In other words, a sleeper effect occurs when a communication shows no immediate persuasive effects, but, after some time, the recipient of the communication becomes more favorable toward the position advocated by the message. As a
Social Norms Definition Social norms are attributes of groups that generate expectations for the behavior of group members. Two types of norms differ in the source of the expectations. Descriptive norms refer to what most people in a group think, feel, or do; prescriptive or injunctive norms refer to what most people in a group
Social Power Definition Social power is the potential for social influence. The available tools one has to exert influence over another can lead to a change in that person. Social power and social influence are separate and distinct concepts. Although social power is potential (which may or may not be used), social influence is an
Stealing Thunder Definition Stealing thunder is a social influence tactic in which in anticipation of negative information being revealed about a person, that person chooses to reveal it first. By doing so, the negative impact is reduced or, in some cases, eliminated. An individual’s representative can also steal thunder with similar consequences, as in the
We often want to influence the way other people perceive us. For instance, a professor might want her class to see her as intellectual and competent, whereas a boxer might want his competitors to see him as physically powerful and mean. Both the professor and the boxer are likely to act in ways that influence
The history of cross-cultural psychology, broadly defined, started with Herodotus in the fifth century BC. In fact, two excellent histories, Klineberg (1980), and Jahoda and Krewer (1996), note that Herodotus had the insight that all humans are ethnocentric. This is a basic aspect of the human condition, because most humans are limited to knowing only
Cross-cultural communication refers to the exchange of information between people of different cultural backgrounds. It is a well-studied field of research in several disciplines, including psychology, speech and communication, sociology, anthropology, and business. Cross-cultural communication is highly related to a similar term, intercultural communication. In actuality, there is no difference between these terms in the
In one early cross-cultural study, Porteus administered tests of cognitive abilities to members of various cultural populations around the world. The test he relied on most consisted of mazes drawn on paper. On the basis of the distributions of the test scores, Porteus (1937) made comparative statements about the intelligence of such groups as Bushmen
The field of developmental disorders has experienced multiple scientific and social changes in the last decade. Many changes involve the perception of disabilities and have been referred to by Dennis Harper as a shift in paradigms. Some of these changes in the definition of developmental and learning disorders have resulted in changes in societal responses
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, is an official classification system of mental disorders used in the United States and by many health professionals around the world. Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM is an evolving text that is periodically revised to reflect the most contemporary knowledge regarding psychological
Health Risks Eating disorders (EDs) are characterized by chronicity and relapse and are some of the most common psychiatric disorders faced by girls and women. The two most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM—TV—TR), the criteria for
Externalizing problems in childhood can be broadly defined as disorders characterized by behaviors directed outward. More specifically, these behaviors typically occur in interaction with another person and are represented by disobedience, aggression, temper tantrums, fidgetiness, and overactivity, and they often result in conflict. Beyond differing in their diagnostic criteria, externalizing problems differ from internalizing problems
This article explores the intricate interplay between psychology and chronic disease flare-ups within the realm of health psychology. The introduction delves into the definition and significance of chronic disease flare-ups, emphasizing their relevance in understanding the psychological dimensions of health. The first section examines the multifaceted factors influencing flare-ups, including genetic predisposition, neurobiological mechanisms, stress
False memory refers to the phenomenon of “remembering” something that never actually occurred. False memories can be small, such as mistaken details of an event, or they can consist of whole events that never actually happened. People experiencing a false memory generally believe the memory to be true, and often experience sensory detail and emotions
The article explores the application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) techniques in the context of anxiety disorders within the field of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the prevalence and significance of anxiety disorders, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of CBT, delineating its principles and historical development. Subsequently, the focus shifts to specific CBT
Internalizing problems of childhood are broadly defined as problems that occur within the child. Children with internalized problems often appear withdrawn, fearful, and shy. Internalized problems are managed within the child rather than being acted out externally in the environment. Beyond differing in their diagnostic criteria, externalizing problems differ from internalizing problems primarily in their
This article explores the pivotal role of cognitive restructuring in the treatment of depression within the framework of health psychology. The introduction delineates the concept of cognitive restructuring and underscores the intricate link between cognition and depression. Anchored in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Beck’s Cognitive Model, the theoretical foundation section delves into the historical evolution
Learning disorders (LD) refer to patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses in individuals that may create a risk for difficulties in learning specific skills. For example, an individual with weak verbal ability may not be efficient at remembering words, resulting in a reading problem, even though the same individual may have strong visual-spatial skills, which
This article delves into the application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the context of treating eating disorders within the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the fundamental concepts of CBT and sets the stage by outlining the prevalent issues associated with eating disorders. The body of the article unfolds in three parts: first, an
Developmental disability is an umbrella term that broadly refers to a set of severe and chronic physical or mental impairments characterized by an absence or delay in reaching certain developmental milestones that typify the normally developing person. Mental retardation (MR) is a developmental disability that is exemplified by the presence of deficits in both cognitive
This article explores the integral relationship between self-esteem and health psychology, focusing on the application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as a powerful intervention for enhancing self-esteem. The introduction elucidates the significance of self-esteem in health psychology and outlines the therapeutic approach of CBT. The second section delves into the theoretical foundations of self-esteem, examining its
Meaning Maintenance Model Definition People expect that certain experiences will be associated with one another. For example, if a person goes out to dinner, he or she expects the waiter to bring what he or she ordered. If a person sees a crow, he or she expects it to be black. People expect that good
Neuropsychology is the study of brain-behavior relationships through objective, scientific methods. The main goal in neuropsychology is to understand how the brain produces and controls behavior and mental processes, including emotions, cognition, and consciousness. This goal is met by studying both healthy and damaged brain systems using objective measures to link biological and behavioral domains.
The article explores the pivotal role of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of substance abuse within the context of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the prevalence of substance abuse as a major health concern, the article emphasizes the need for effective interventions, introducing CBT as a prominent therapeutic approach. The theoretical foundation
Memory Definition Most contemporary researchers discuss three elements to the concept of memory: (1) Memory is the place or storage area where social and nonsocial information is held; (2) memory is also the specifics or content of an experience or event, also referred to as the memory trace; and (3) memory is the term used
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a condition prevalent in a significant percentage of children that adversely impacts the individual and also affects the family, school, community, and society. Early awareness of and intervention in ODD is crucial in stopping a potentially dangerous and destructive progression to a more serious disorder. However, as oppositional behavior is
This article explores the pivotal role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in stress reduction within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of stress and its relevance to overall health, the introduction establishes the imperative for effective stress management. The subsequent sections delve into the cognitive and behavioral components of stress, elucidating the
Metacognition Definition Metacognition means “thinking about cognition,” and given that cognition generally refers to the processes of thinking, metacognition means “thinking about thinking.” Metacognitive strategies are what people use to manage and understand their own thinking processes. Metacognition refers to knowledge about cognitive processes (“I’m bad at names”), monitoring of cognitive processes (“I’ll remember that
A panic attack is the sudden onset of intense apprehension, tearfulness, or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom. In addition, symptoms such as shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain or discomfort, choking or smothering sensations, and fear of “going crazy” or losing control are present. Panic disorder involves the presence of recurrent and
This article delves into the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Insomnia within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the prevalence and impact of insomnia on health, introducing CBT as a promising therapeutic approach. The first section explores insomnia through a cognitive behavioral lens, dissecting cognitive and behavioral factors contributing to sleep
People’s experience of their own thoughts is that thoughts rarely stay still; sometimes people’s thinking is constrained by the task they are performing; at other moments, people’s minds wander easily from topic to topic. The essential property of mind-wandering is that people’s attention to the task fluctuates over time; instead of paying attention to the
Personality disorders (PDs) pose a major challenge to the modern profession of mental health care. Unlike depression, anxiety, and other disorders that are more commonly the focus of treatment, personality disorders are generally understood to be pervasive, inflexible, maladaptive, and enduring expressions of personality. People with PDs exact a heavy cost from themselves and society
This article explores the pivotal role of cognitive strategies for pain management within the realm of health psychology. Pain, a complex and subjective experience, necessitates effective coping mechanisms for improved overall well-being. The introduction elucidates the significance of pain management and introduces the central theme of cognitive strategies. The first section delves into Cognitive Appraisal
Moral Reasoning Definition Moral reasoning refers to the processes involved in how individuals think about right and wrong and in how they acquire and apply moral rules and guidelines. The psychological study of morality in general is often referred to as the study of moral reasoning, although moral psychology is now understood as encompassing more
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by profound disturbances in cognitive, behavioral, and physiological functioning that occur following exposure to a psychologically traumatic event. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), the diagnosis applies to individuals who develop a constellation of symptoms after experiencing
This article delves into the intricate realm of Behavioral Activation (BA) within the framework of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as a pivotal component of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by providing an overview of CBT’s significance in mental health treatment, introducing the reader to the specific focus on Behavioral Activation. The first section
Motivated Cognition Definition When people think and reason, they sometimes have a vested interest in the outcome of their thinking and reasoning. For example, people engage in wishful thinking about whether or not their favorite sports team will win, or whether a relative will survive a risky surgical procedure. In these situations, people may be
Use of the term defense within psychology and counseling has a long and complex history beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the revolutionary and, at the time, controversial theoretical contributions of Sigmund Freud. Freud is considered the founder of the psychoanalytic movement within psychology and psychiatry. As theoretical advances, modifications, and
This article delves into the application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as a highly promising intervention for individuals suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The introduction highlights the prevalence and profound impact of PTSD, emphasizing the critical need for effective treatment strategies. Moving into the theoretical foundation of CBT, the article explores the historical development, core
Despite the folk wisdom that “no news is good news,” almost everyone is reluctant to communicate bad news. For example, your best friend, Tom, has applied for a job that he wants very badly. You learn that he will definitely be offered the job. You can hardly wait to tell him the good news. You
Psychological well-being (PWB) is a theory of positive psychological functioning that focuses on the human capacity to develop, function effectively, and flourish. Theoretical beliefs about what constitutes PWB derive from the philosophical and psychological writings of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. For Maslow, human behavior was characterized by movement toward self-actualization and, at the same
This article in health psychology explores the intricate interplay between illness narratives and mental health, emphasizing their pivotal role in emotional expression, coping mechanisms, and cognitive processing during illness experiences. The first section introduces the concept of illness narratives, highlighting their significance in the broader context of health psychology. The subsequent sections delve into the
Nonconscious Processes Definition Nonconscious processes (or unconscious processes) are all the processes people are not consciously aware of. As opposed to what most people think, nonconscious processes make up most interesting psychological processes. People are only consciously aware of a very limited subset of psychological processes. Nonconscious Processes Analysis There is logic behind this division
Drugs play an increasingly large role in civilization, and especially among the patients or clients who are seen by mental health professionals. The drugs that counselors may encounter fall into two major categories, therapeutic and recreational. Therapeutic drugs may facilitate the clinical goals of the patients, but can also present unique problems that must be
This article delves into the intricate relationship between individuals’ illness perceptions and their impact on treatment outcomes within the realm of health psychology. Grounded in the conceptual framework of illness perceptions, the exposition explores components such as personal control, timeline, consequences, identity, causes, and coherence perceptions. Drawing on theoretical foundations, including Leventhal’s Common-Sense Model and
Person Perception Definition Person perception refers to a general tendency to form impressions of other people. Some forms of person perception occur indirectly and require inferring information about a person based on observations of behaviors or based on second-hand information. Other forms of person perception occur more directly and require little more than seeing another
School mental health programs and services in the United States have grown rapidly, facilitated by the recommendations of important initiatives such as the U.S. Public Health Service, 2000; the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003; and the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health, 2004. Schools offer access as a point of
This article explores the intricate relationship between cognitive representations and chronic pain within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of chronic pain and its widespread implications, the thesis asserts the crucial role of understanding cognitive representations in effective pain management. The first section defines and establishes the theoretical framework
The accuracy of personality judgments refers to an area of research in which people evaluate the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of themselves or others and the correctness of their evaluations are determined. The determination of accuracy, or correctness, is a constant challenge for researchers because it is often unclear what to use as the standard
Schizophrenia, derived from the Greek for “severed mind,” refers to a mental disorder characterized by the fragmentation of mental functioning and a split between thinking and feeling. This entry discusses the definitions of the concept; the epidemiology and prevalence; and the course, causes, and functional assessment of schizophrenia. Then, this entry addresses rehabilitation, evidence-based practice
This article explores the pivotal role of interventions in altering illness beliefs within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an examination of the multifaceted nature of illness beliefs, encompassing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components, the discussion unfolds by elucidating the theoretical frameworks that underpin our understanding of these beliefs. Drawing on models such as
Person-Positivity Heuristic Definition The person-positivity heuristic is a tendency to evaluate individual people more positively than the groups to which they belong. Psychologist David Sears coined the phrase in 1983 because he noticed that results of political polls typically show that although respondents hold political institutions such as the U.S. Congress in low regard, they
Secondary trauma is the emotional spread of the effect of trauma symptoms as a result of close and extended contact with traumatized individuals. Generally, the traumatized person has close and extended contact with others, such as family members, friends, or mental health professionals. These individuals are at risk of experiencing psychological distress through direct exposure
This article delves into the intricate landscape of personal models of illness in healthcare within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of the formative influences on personal models, including cultural, familial, and experiential factors, it elucidates the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components inherent in individual perceptions of health and illness. The subsequent
Positive-Negative Asymmetry Definition The positive-negative asymmetry refers to two complementary tendencies regarding how people respond to positive and negative events or information. On one hand, there is a tendency for bad events (such as failing a class, being criticized, or experiencing the loss of a close friend) to have more impact on a person than
“Sleep tight and sweet dreams” used to be the phrase used when bidding a family member good night. Unfortunately, a significant number of individuals have difficulty either falling asleep or staying asleep for the 7 to 8 hours recommended by the National Institutes of Health. (However, this is a general recommendation and varies by both
This article explores the intricate interplay between cognition and illness prevention behaviors within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of health psychology and the crucial role of cognition in shaping health-related decisions, the article delves into the cognitive processes influencing the perception of health threats. Examining models such as the Health Belief
Primacy Effect in Attribution Definition The primacy effect concerns how one’s impressions of others are formed. Thus, it relates to the field of psychology known as person perception, which studies how people form impressions of others. The word primacy itself is generally defined in the dictionary as the state of being first in order or
There is a lack of consensus on how to best define the concept of stress. Concerns related to the scientific status of the construct have led some authors to suggest that it be abandoned altogether or restricted to nontechnical usage. Even at the level of physiology, the mechanisms involved in a stress response cannot be
This article explores the intricate relationship between illness identity and psychological adjustment within the realm of health psychology. The introduction delineates the concept of illness identity, emphasizing its significance in understanding the psychosocial dimensions of health. The first section delves into the development of illness identity, elucidating cognitive and emotional processes, as well as the
Primacy Effect in Memory Definition The primacy effect denotes the phenomenon that after encountering a long list of items, one will more likely be able to recall the first few items from that list than items than from later parts of the list. In a typical study investigating the primacy effect, participants are sequentially presented
Substance abuse and dependence are complex problems that are often encountered in a counseling practice. Substance abuse and dependence have been defined as disorders that affect the mind, the body, and the spirit. This entry summarizes the background, definitions of the clinical problem, levels of care and counseling modalities, components of counseling and clinical approaches
This article explores the crucial role of cognitive mapping in understanding and navigating the progression of diseases within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of cognitive processes involved in disease perception, the discussion delves into how individuals recognize symptoms and appraise the threat of illness, shedding light on the profound influence of
Affective events theory (AET) is a theory of affect (the broader term for emotional experiences, including emotion and mood) in the workplace. In addition to focusing on affect, it encompasses cognitions, behavior, attitudes, and other crucial psychological constructs to explain job behavior and performance. The theory primarily builds on the already established cognitive appraisal models
Suicide postvention is a response or reaction to a community or individual following a suicide attempt or completion by someone known to that community in order to facilitate healthy psychological adjustment. Suicide postvention typically involves counselors or others in paraprofessional roles providing factual information about the attempt or completion, educating those affected by the suicide
This article delves into the intricate relationship between culture and illness cognition within the realm of health psychology. Recognizing the pivotal role of culture in shaping individuals’ perceptions of illness, the introduction outlines the significance of this interplay and articulates the article’s primary focus. The first section explores cultural factors influencing the perception of illness
Attitudes are the positive or negative evaluations made about people, issues, or objects. For example, in an organizational setting, employees might hold attitudes toward their employer or coworkers, toward workplace issues or regulations, and toward the job itself. Attitudes form a central foundation of the way that individuals think about and come to understand the
Suicide is a serious public health issue both at the global level and in the United States. Globally, the World Health Organization indicates that there were 1,000,000 deaths by suicide in 2000, and projects that there will be 1.5 million suicide deaths in the year 2025. Additionally, the overall rate of suicide in the world
This article delves into the intricate interplay between illness representations and terminal conditions within the realm of health psychology. It commences with an elucidation of illness representations, emphasizing their pivotal role in shaping individuals’ cognitive and emotional responses to health challenges. The introduction further underscores the unique significance of terminal conditions, acknowledging the profound impact
Feeling bored at work is a common complaint; a large percentage of employees feel bored at least occasionally and some feel bored much of the time. Boredom has not been studied extensively, but it has attracted some attention from scholars in diverse disciplines including human factors engineering, psychiatry, sociology, education, criminology, and industrial psychology. Definitions
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a landmark piece of civil rights legislation, is a product of bipartisan support. Signed into law on July 26, 1990, the ADA “signals the end to the unjustified segregation and exclusion of persons with disabilities from the mainstream of American life,” declared President George H. W. Bush. Although the
This article delves into the critical realm of mental health promotion in communities within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction that underscores the significance of mental health and its communal dimensions, the discourse navigates through an exploration of factors influencing mental health in communities, shedding light on socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental determinants.
Priming Definition Priming is the process by which perception (or experience) of an item (or person or event) leads to an increase in its accessibility and the accessibility of related material and behaviors. Priming is a phenomenon that is enormously influential in people’s everyday lives, yet people are typically unaware of its operation and impact.
Managing one’s experience with cancer requires coping with diagnostic procedures, treatment protocols, uncertainty in prognosis and recurrence, and often a reduced capacity to engage in normal, daily activities. These external and internal demands may seem overwhelming at times and challenge an individual’s ability to cope. The term coping has been defined by Richard Lazarus and
This article explores the intricate dynamics of community responses to health crises within the framework of health psychology. In acknowledging the psychosocial impact of health crises on communities, we delve into the emotional, social, and behavioral dimensions, scrutinizing responses such as fear, grief, changes in community cohesion, and alterations in health-related behaviors. Analyzing the multifaceted
Burnout is a set of negative human reactions to prolonged experienced stress on the job, especially reactions to exposure to stressors in the social environment at work. The burnout itself is also prolonged or chronic in the sense that it tends to last over a period rather than be an acute, short-term reaction. Furthermore, it
Child maltreatment is a broad term encompassing child neglect and abuse. It has been identified at the national and international levels as a tragedy of drastic proportions, drastic in the number of people it affects and drastic in the costs it exacts from the individual, the family, and society. Concern about the problem of child
This article provides an exploration of the principles and application of Psychological First Aid (PFA) in the context of disasters, emphasizing the crucial role of addressing psychological well-being in the aftermath of such events. The introduction defines PFA and underscores its significance in mitigating the mental health impact of disasters. The second section delves into
Emotional labor is the regulation of felt and expressed emotions at work in the service of organizational goals. The construct of emotional labor is traced to the seminal work of sociologist Arlie Hochschild, who studied the work of airline flight attendants and, specifically, the strategic use of emotion by flight attendants to create a desired
Approximately 20% of school-age children have a chronic illness, making counseling increasingly important due to the impact on the child’s family relationships, school functioning, and peer interactions. Certain chronic illnesses have a greater effect than others on the psychosocial and educational aspects of a child’s life, depending on symptom severity and the nature of the
This article delves into the pivotal role of resilient communities in the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the concept of resilience and emphasizes its significance in community well-being. The subsequent sections explore the multifaceted factors contributing to resilient communities, including robust social support systems, accessible healthcare services, and economic stability. Community-based interventions for
In 1884, William James asked the fundamental question about the nature of emotions in his famous article “What Is an Emotion?” More than 120 years later, psychologists still wrestle with this question, and a single, precise definition has proven elusive. Definitional precision has been difficult both because emotion is a word lifted from common language—it
Chronic illnesses are those incurable conditions that are not contagious, but have multiple risk factors and often involve extended periods of decline resulting in increasing functional impairment. Examples of chronic illnesses include hypertension, asthma, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Living with a chronic illness presents many challenges, not only for the person with the illness, but
This article explores the essential aspects of evaluating community health programs within the realm of health psychology. The introduction underscores the significance of community health initiatives in promoting overall well-being and outlines the purpose of evaluation in ensuring program effectiveness. The subsequent section delves into various evaluation methods, encompassing quantitative approaches such as surveys and
The Canadian physician Hans Selye was first to define stress as the response to stressors in the environment. He considered stressors to be the external demands or influence an individual feels at any given time. Selye separated stress into two categories: distress and eustress. Distress occurs when there is too much or too little demand
The classical model of pain, first articulated by the philosopher Descartes in the 17th century, regarded pain as a sensory experience triggered by tissue damage. Despite the fact that this model is unsupported by empirical research, it continues to be a common misconception. Research on pain has demonstrated that it is a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon
This article on behavioral change in community settings explores the intricate dynamics involved in promoting and sustaining health-related behavioral modifications within diverse community contexts. The introduction delves into the significance of behavioral change, emphasizing its pivotal role in community well-being. The first section investigates the myriad factors influencing behavioral change, encompassing social determinants of health
Projection Definition and History Many biases affect the impressions people form of each other, and a great deal of work by social psychologists explores those biases. For example, people often do not take into account how others’ behaviors are constrained by the situations they are in (the fundamental attribution error). Impressions can also be biased
Cigarette smoking is a behavioral risk factor for disease and one that is amenable to intervention by counseling psychologists. Clients who seek help for emotional and behavioral problems are more likely than others to be cigarette smokers, and counseling psychologists should become familiar with treatment guidelines that exist. All smokers should be encouraged to quit
This article explores the pivotal role of community engagement in health initiatives within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction, the article defines and underscores the significance of community engagement in fostering positive health outcomes. The first section delves into the theoretical underpinnings, examining key psychological frameworks such as Social Cognitive Theory, the
Job satisfaction may be measured for a variety of reasons. For example, a company may measure job satisfaction over time to assess trends in employee attitudes or reactions to a new policy or organizational intervention. Assessing job satisfaction might also serve a diagnostic purpose, identifying those aspects of the job with which employees are dissatisfied.
Health is having quality of life in the physical, emotional, social, cognitive, and spiritual realms. The diseases that pose the most threat to achieving that quality of life are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. The factors that contribute to these diseases are integrally intertwined with the community and deeply connected to culture. Poverty, inadequate education
This article delves into the pivotal role of cultural competence in health interventions within the framework of health psychology. The introduction establishes the significance of understanding and integrating cultural competence in diverse healthcare settings. It defines cultural competence, elucidating its core components and principles. The first section, “Cultural Competence in Health Interventions: Understanding Cultural Diversity,”
Job security and job insecurity can be viewed as opposite sides of the same coin. Simply defined, job security is assured continuity of one’s job, and job insecurity is the uncertainty that one’s job will continue. The term job insecurity, rather than job security, is more commonly used in the literature. A more comprehensive definition
The term culture-bound syndromes was first coined in 1951 to describe mental disorders unique to certain societies or culture areas. The syndromes may include dissociative, psychotic, anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms and do not necessarily fit into contemporary diagnostic and classification systems of Western nosology. Although there is no consensus among mental health professionals about
This article delves into the multifaceted realm of Community-Based Recovery Models within the framework of health psychology. The introduction delineates the definition and historical evolution of these models, highlighting their pivotal role in addressing health challenges at both individual and community levels. The first section explores the theoretical underpinnings of Community-Based Recovery Models, elucidating the
Prototype Definition A prototype is the best or most central member of a category. An object can be described in terms of prototypicality, which refers to the degree to which it is a good example of a category. For example, baseball is a more prototypical sport than is billiards or bullfighting, and an automobile is
In the early 1980s, an unusual collection of clinical entities appeared that were characterized by aggressive opportunistic infections and malignancies in otherwise healthy individuals. These individuals also demonstrated a severe compromise of immune defense mechanisms. The disease was universally fatal. This complex syndrome of signs and symptoms was labeled as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Within
This article explores the pivotal role of technology in advancing community health education within the field of health psychology. The introduction underscores the significance of community health education and introduces the overarching theme of technology’s transformative impact. The first section delves into various technological tools, including mobile applications, online platforms, and wearable devices, highlighting their
The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen a dramatic increase in the study of affect in organizations. The affective realm consists of state and trait affect, and there are many types of each. Mood is a transitory affective state that is relatively mild and long lasting. Different from other transitory affective states (i.e.
Hospice care is a multidisciplinary approach to caring for individuals who have a terminal illness or condition. It is based on a philosophy that affirms life and advocates self-determination. The family is considered the unit of care and the hospice team of professionals provides medical, emotional, and spiritual assistance to patients as well as to
This article explores the intricate interplay between psychological factors and contraceptive use within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides a contextual backdrop, emphasizing the pivotal role of contraception in reproductive health and articulating the significance of psychological influences on contraceptive decision-making. The subsequent sections delve into three primary psychological dimensions: attitudes and beliefs
Responsibility Attribution Definition A responsibility attribution relates to beliefs about the cause of an event, or outcome, or state. The event in question may be positive (success) or negative, but responsibility is used more in association with aversive outcomes. Hence, a responsibility attribution is linked with terms such as fault and blame, with the individual
Impairment is the inability to practice in congruence with professionally defined and accepted standards of care. Impairment among trainees and professionals is a problem within psychology and counseling. Surveys have revealed that up to 10% of professional psychologists reported difficulties with depression, alcohol and other substances, relationship problems, and physical illnesses, all of which significantly
This article delves into the critical intersection of health psychology, contraception education, and behavior change. Beginning with an exploration of psychological factors influencing contraceptive behavior, it elucidates the significance of accurate knowledge, attitudes, perceived barriers and benefits, as well as social and cultural influences in shaping contraceptive decisions. Drawing on key behavior change theories, such
Employee morale is a term that is often used loosely by professionals and laypeople. Morale refers to employees’ shared attitudes toward and identification with the elements of their job, working conditions, fellow workers, supervisors, and general management. As a group-level term, morale is akin to the affective climate of an organization. Although morale is often
The term indigenous has been used primarily in anthropology and social sciences to refer to customs or people who are native to a specific region. In this context, indigenous implies a cultural referent that is non-native; this perspective has been characterized traditionally as Western European to the extent that most early anthropologists were European. Thus
This article explores the intricate decision-making processes involved in contraceptive choices within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of the critical role of contraceptive decisions in reproductive health, the article delves into three primary dimensions: sociocultural factors, psychological influences, and relationship dynamics. It investigates how cultural norms, social influences, religious beliefs, attitudes
Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologists are interested in understanding employees’ psychological reactions to their workplaces. Not surprisingly, much of this interest focuses on employees’ commitment to the organizations for which they work. Among the several work attitude variables studied by I/O psychologists, only job satisfaction has received more attention than organizational commitment. Conceptualizing Organizational Commitment
Definitions of disabilities categorized as low-incidence vary in scope. Broadly defined, low-incidence disabilities refer to a visual impairment or hearing loss, deaf-blindness, and significant cognitive impairment. For children, the definition extends to any impairment that requires individualized intervention services provided by professionals with highly specialized skills and knowledge in order for the child to benefit
The article explores the intricate interplay between cultural beliefs and contraceptive practices within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of health psychology’s significance and the broader context of cultural influences, the thesis contends that cultural beliefs significantly shape individuals’ decisions regarding contraception. Through an extensive literature review, the article delves into the
Risk Appraisal Definition The term risk appraisal refers to an evaluation of the chances that a future event may occur. Similar terms include risk assessment, risk perception, perceived likelihood, and perception of vulnerability. One might appraise the risk of globally significant events (e.g., terrorism, natural disasters) as well as those that are personally relevant (e.g.
The phrase medication adherence refers to the extent to which persons given a pharmacologic treatment actually use it in the way the prescribing clinician intends, for example, taking an antibiotic twice every day with a 12-hour interval between doses. Medication adherence is a complex phenomenon related to characteristics of the person using the medication, his
This article delves into the intricate realm of contraception misinformation and its profound psychological ramifications, situated within the broader context of health psychology. Amidst the ubiquity of misinformation disseminated through online platforms, societal norms, and even medical channels, individuals face a complex web of influences shaping their perceptions and decisions regarding contraception. The exploration of
Salience Definition The term salient refers to anything (person, behavior, trait, etc.) that is prominent, conspicuous, or otherwise noticeable compared with its surroundings. Salience is usually produced by novelty or unexpectedness, but can also be brought about by shifting one’s attention to that feature. Salience usually depends on context. A child would not be particularly
Counseling interventions are considered a resource to support full functioning and participation of people with disabilities in their communities or specified environments of choice. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) considers disability to result from a person with a health condition’s interaction with his or her environment where
This article explores the psychological outcomes associated with long-term contraceptive use within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides a foundation by defining the importance of long-term contraceptive methods, offering a brief overview of available options, and emphasizing the significance of investigating their psychological impact. The subsequent sections delve into the positive psychological benefits
At some point in our working lives, most of us feel that things at work would be fine if only we were in charge. Some people feel that way most of the time. They believe that the problems they and their coworkers encounter at work could be avoided or surmounted if someone competent were in
Lack of regular physical activity poses a health risk, but for many people, becoming more active is a difficult goal to achieve. Physical activity counseling offers a method of helping individuals increase their physical activity levels. It adopts a person-centered approach to help individuals find ways that physical activity can be included in everyday life.
This article explores the intricate intersection of contraception and relationship dynamics within the realm of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by elucidating the significance of contraception in contemporary society and outlining the article’s purpose. The first section delves into the diverse landscape of contraception methods, analyzing their efficacy, advantages, and drawbacks. The subsequent
Organizational justice refers to individual or collective judgments of fairness or ethical propriety. Investigations of organizational justice tend to take a descriptive approach. As such, an event is treated as fair or unfair to the extent that one believes it to be so. In other words, justice research is concerned with identifying the antecedents that
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to damage to the brain caused by external physical force. It is the leading cause of long-term disability in young adults. Approximately 1.5 million Americans survive brain injuries each year, and an estimated 70,000 to 90,000 of these survivors are left with long-term impairments that interfere with their psychosocial adjustment
This article delves into the intricate landscape of gender differences in contraceptive responsibility within the realm of health psychology. Against the backdrop of evolving societal attitudes towards reproductive health, the introduction highlights the significance of contraception and sets the stage for an exploration. The body of the article unfolds in three parts, beginning with an
Shifting Standards Definition Much of people’s conversation about others includes descriptions such as “he’s very tall” or “she’s smart” or “he’s really aggressive!” The concept of shifting standards refers to the idea that these descriptions are made with reference to some standard of judgment, and that this standard may shift depending on the person or
Counseling psychology training programs in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico may be accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) and, if they are, must indicate so in their published materials. APA accreditation is a designation that publicly indicates that the accredited program, through a voluntary self-study and an external review, meets certain expected
This article delves into the critical realm of adolescent sexual health, with a specific focus on contraception and the imperative need for a behavioral approach. Beginning with an exploration of the multifaceted factors influencing adolescent sexual behavior, the discussion navigates through cognitive and emotional developmental aspects, peer influences, media impact, and family dynamics. The article
A psychological contract is a belief based on commitments expressed or implied, regarding an exchange agreement between two parties, as commonly used, between an individual and an employer. People typically are motivated to fulfill the commitments they have made to others, consistent with their own understanding of what those commitments entail. In employment, psychological contracts
Accreditation of an academic program reflects the initiative of faculty, administration, and even students at an institution. Accreditation provides multiple benefits for these constituency groups, as well as for consumers, by establishing a professional curriculum and by attending to specific aspects of quality assurance and gatekeeping. Though no panacea, accreditation offers one means by which
This article explores the pivotal role of health psychology in the realm of family planning within the broader context of public health. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of family planning, the narrative unfolds by delving into the psychological factors that influence individuals’ decisions regarding family planning, including cultural, religious, and societal influences, as
Discussed since the 1950s, quality of work life (QWL) has been identified as a personal reaction to the work environment and experience such as perceptions of control, satisfaction, involvement, commitment, work-life balance, and well-being in relation to someone’s job and organization, with no one generally accepted definition of the term. As such, it has been
Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) is an organization created in 1935 by two men who had a desire to stop drinking and become sober. Today, this group offers friendship, understanding, and hope to other people struggling to recover from alcoholism. The A.A. organization is based on the Twelve Steps. The only requirement to join is a desire
This article explores the critical distinction between adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms within the realm of health psychology, highlighting their impact on individual well-being and health outcomes. The introduction provides an overview of the importance of coping mechanisms in managing stress and health-related challenges. The first section delves into the characteristics and benefits of adaptive
Role ambiguity, or the extent to which one’s work responsibilities and degree of authority are unclear, is one of the most widely studied variables in the field of occupational stress. Because it represents a subjective judgment of one’s work situation, role ambiguity is typically assessed using employees’ self-reports. Some researchers refer to role ambiguity by
The Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA) is a national organization dedicated to the advancement of Asian American psychology and advocacy for Asian American communities and their psychological well-being. Its advocacy efforts include the promotion of culturally responsive mental health services for Asian and Asian American communities, the advancement and dissemination of psychological research on Asian
This article on coping with chronic disease delves into the multifaceted challenges posed by chronic illnesses and explores evidence-based coping strategies rooted in health psychology. The introduction defines chronic disease, underscores its prevalence, and highlights the pivotal role coping strategies play in managing such conditions. The first section explores psychological coping strategies, including cognitive-behavioral approaches
Role conflict occurs when employees experience incompatible work demands. It is a widely studied variable in the occupational stress literature, where it is considered to be a stressor. A stressor is any part of the work environment that requires an adaptive response from employees and has the capacity to produce poor health. In addition to
The Association of Black Psychologists is a professional organization born out of the need to have issues of mental health and the psychological well-being of persons acknowledging African descent addressed more effectively. In the social context of racism and monocultural hegemony common in the United States, the profession of psychology had not escaped historic bias.
This article explores the pivotal role of coping mechanisms in stress reduction within the framework of health psychology. The introduction outlines the profound impact of stress on both physiological and psychological well-being, emphasizing the necessity of effective stress management. Moving seamlessly into coping mechanisms, the article categorizes them into three main types: problem-focused coping, emotion-focused
In any organizational setting, a role represents a set of behavioral expectations that are assigned to one organizational member. In typical organizations, it is rarely the case that each employee has one clearly defined role that is recognizable and distinct from the roles of other organizational members. Rather, in most organizations, employees may hold multiple
As one of the oldest agencies within the U.S. government, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) shares a complex and traumatic history with Native Nations. Originally part of the War Department, the BIA was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849 by an act of Congress. Since its establishment as a federal agency
This article delves into the intricate landscape of coping with loss, emphasizing its profound impact on individuals from a health psychology perspective. The introduction elucidates the significance of bereavement and outlines the structure of the article. The first section explores the multifaceted emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to loss, considering theoretical perspectives and manifestations of
Work-related stress can negatively affect individual employees as well as entire organizations. Many organizations are negatively affected by the economic costs associated with stress-related workers’ compensation claims, employee absenteeism, and turnover. In 2001, for example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics documented 5,659 cases of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder involving days away from work.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics is an agency with the Department of Labor, whose task it is to gather, analyze, and provide information on all aspects of labor, economics, and the workforce in the United States. The bureau was established by President Chester A. Arthur in 1884 as part of the Department of the Interior.
This article explores the intricate landscape of coping strategies among caregivers within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of caregiving roles and the consequential impact on the well-being of individuals providing care, the study delves into the multifaceted stressors inherent in caregiving, encompassing physical, emotional, and financial dimensions. The heart of the
A considerable amount of research has been devoted to the manner in which individuals cope with stressful situations in daily organizational life. Coping efforts can either mitigate feelings of stress, have no impact on felt stress, or exacerbate felt stress when coping efforts fail. During the last two decades, as coping research has evolved, some
Career Development Quarterly (CDQ) is the premier English-language journal in career counseling and development and is the official journal of the National Career Development Association (NCDA). It was first published in 1911. CDQ publishes articles on career counseling, individual and organizational career development, work and leisure, career education, career coaching, and career management. Each article
This article explores the intricate relationship between coping with life transitions and its impact on health within the framework of health psychology. The introduction provides an overview of the significance of understanding coping mechanisms during life transitions, emphasizing their potential to influence overall health outcomes. The first section delves into the nature of life transitions
Occupational stress research refers to the study of the negative impact of organizational environments on employees. In the last half century, occupational stress has become an important topic within the field of industrial and organizational psychology, and there is no reason to believe this will change in the near future. In this entry, some of
This article explores the significance of coping skills in health psychology and delves into psychological techniques aimed at enhancing these skills. Beginning with an overview of coping skills and their pivotal role in mental and physical well-being, the article examines the distinction between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, as well as adaptive versus maladaptive strategies. The
The theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior have been influential cognitive models for understanding and predicting social behavior across a variety of domains. Both focus on the question of how to determine the likelihood that an individual will engage in a specific behavior. The theory of reasoned action exam-ines determinants of volitional
This article explores the psychological dimensions of coping with infertility, emphasizing the intricate interplay between emotional distress, social consequences, and cognitive responses experienced by individuals and couples facing reproductive challenges. Delving into the profound emotional impact, the first section elucidates heightened anxiety, depression, and grief, while also examining the strains on relationships, social stigmas, and
Like many constructs in this field, union commitment was introduced with a measure of the construct. As a corollary of organizational commitment, Michael E. Gordon and colleagues (1980) defined union commitment as a member’s identification with and involvement in a particular union, and operationalized the definition in terms of three related components: A strong desire
This article explores the pivotal role of assessing coping styles in clinical settings within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of coping styles, encompassing problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance strategies, the discussion delves into diverse methods employed for their assessment. Self-report measures, behavioral observations, and physiological indicators are scrutinized, highlighting their respective strengths
Work and family are considered the primary domains in a person’s life. The interface between the work and family domains of life is studied across psychology subfields (e.g., clinical, developmental, social) and by other disciplines (e.g., anthropology, sociology, family studies, economics, women’s studies). Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists are interested primarily in how interactions between work life
Social Categorization Definition Social categorization refers to the way a person’s mind clusters together individuals who share important characteristics. A person mentally groups people on the basis of their demographic features (e.g., sex, age, ethnicity, or religion), personality and interests (e.g., extraverts, nerds), and occupation, to name some of the most common types of social
Social Cognitive Neuroscience Definition Social cognitive neuroscience is the study of the processes in the human brain that allow people to understand others, understand themselves, and navigate the social world effectively. Social cognitive neuroscience draws on theories and psychological phenomena from across the social sciences, including social cognition, political cognition, behavioral economics, and anthropology. The
Social Projection Definition Social projection refers to the tendency to assume that others are similar to oneself. Students who cheat on their statistics exams, for example, probably believe that many others cheat as well, whereas honest students think that cheating is rare. Projection is not limited to value-laden behaviors such as cheating versus being honest
Spontaneous Trait Inferences Definition The notion of spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) refers to a frequently demonstrated empirical finding. Observing behaviors or reading behavior descriptions gives rise to immediate trait inferences, beyond the actually given information. Thus, somebody who steps on a partner’s feet on the dance floor elicits the inference clumsy. Witnessing a student succeeding
Networking refers to the development, maintenance, or use of social or professional contacts for the purpose of exchanging information, resources, or services. Networking typically occurs between two individuals but can be examined as an interaction between groups, companies, or institutions. Industrial/organizational psychologists have been primarily concerned with how networking affects individual employment status and career
Social exchange theory is one of the most influential conceptual paradigms for understanding behavior. Over the years, differing perspectives on social exchange have evolved, bridging disciples such as anthropology, sociology, organizational theory, and social psychology. As a result, social exchange theory cannot be thought of as a single theoretical model. Rather, it is a general
Many tasks at work are designed to be performed by a group of employees, with the expectation that groups are more efficient and effective than individuals. Yet group performance is not always synonymous with great performance. One reason is that some group members do not work as hard as they should. In these cases, social
Social norms are implicit and explicit rules of behavior that develop through interactions among members of a given group or society. Essentially, norms are prescriptions for how people should act in particular situations. All groups have established norms that tell members what they should and should not do under certain circumstances. When agreed to and
Workplace social support refers to the availability or actual receipt of assistance provided to an employee by one or more individuals. It is generally examined as a means of coping with occupational stress. An important distinction concerns the sources of social support. Support may be provided by individuals within the organization—for example, supervisors, subordinates, coworkers
This article explores the intersection of biofeedback and heart rate variability (HRV) within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the fundamental concepts, the narrative unfolds by delineating the historical evolution of biofeedback, elucidating its mechanisms, and delineating its diverse applications in stress management, mood disorders, pain alleviation, and performance enhancement. Concurrently
Teamwork has always been an important feature of successful organizations, but the use of teams as a business strategy and structure was relatively rare until the 1980s. Now, in the 21st century, work teams have become a common feature in many manufacturing and product development organizations, service organizations, and government agencies. They range from ongoing
The Biopsychosocial Model is a comprehensive framework in health psychology that acknowledges the intricate interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in influencing an individual’s health and well-being. This article provides a thorough exploration of the model, starting with its definition, historical context, and significance in health psychology. The biological component delves into the role
The notion of a team mental model was introduced in 1990 to account for the fluid, implicit coordination frequently observed in effective teams and to advance the understanding of how teams function in complex, dynamic, and ambiguous situations. For example, the seemingly effortless execution of a blind pass in basketball illustrates a well-known situation in
The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain represents a comprehensive framework within health psychology that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand and address the complex nature of persistent pain. Chronic pain, a pervasive health issue, demands a multifaceted examination that extends beyond traditional biomedical perspectives. In this article, we explore the biological underpinnings of
Rewards for performance are commonly used to maximize work output and productivity. With the increased use of team-based work, a variety of team-based reward systems have been developed, with the intent of maximizing performance and satisfaction in work teams. Team-based rewards are commonly defined as any formal incentives provided to a work team or at least
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health and the biopsychosocial perspective within the field of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of mental health in overall well-being and provides an overview of the holistic biopsychosocial perspective. The subsequent sections delve into the biological factors, scrutinizing neurobiological influences, genetic factors, and physiological aspects.
Virtual teams are groups of individuals who work interdependently, are located at a distance from each other, and conduct most of their collaboration through communications technology (rather than face-to-face). A “pure” virtual team is one in which each member is geographically distant from each other member, but more often, at least some of the members
This article explores the pivotal role of biopsychosocial factors in disease prevention within the field of health psychology. The introduction establishes the significance of adopting a holistic approach and outlines the biopsychosocial model’s foundation. The subsequent sections delve into biological factors, elucidating the influence of genetics, immunology, and lifestyle choices on disease prevention. Psychological factors
Organizations seeking to promote productivity, better service, fewer errors, and improved safety as well as remain competitive in changing environments are turning to work teams and groups. Work groups have become a preferred performance improvement intervention in the last decade. So now we have a plethora of theories, methodologies, tools, and strategies to understand and
This article explores the imperative of integrating the biopsychosocial model in healthcare, emphasizing a holistic approach to patient care. The introduction outlines the foundational principles of the biopsychosocial model and highlights the critical need for a paradigm shift in healthcare toward a more encompassing framework. The body of the article delineates the limitations of the
The subject of workplace romance is hardly a new one; Robert E. Quinn published his groundbreaking article on the formation, impact, and management of workplace romances in 1977. In 2004 it was estimated that nearly 10 million workplace romances develop annually in organizations throughout the United States. Highly publicized examples include the illicit relationship between
This article on biopsychosocial model in rehabilitation represents a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing health-related challenges by considering the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. This article explores the historical development and significance of the model, delving into each component individually. The biological section investigates the impact of genetics, medical conditions, and physical
Healthy paranoia is a healthy, normative, and adaptive response to racism perceived by Black Americans. The term was first used by Grier and Cobbs to describe the inclination they observed among Blacks to mistrust Caucasians in the areas of education, business, law, work, interpersonal relations, politics, and counseling. They suggested that cultural mistrust, in a
The Concept of Affective Traits Trait affect is defined as a tendency to respond to specific classes of stimuli in a predetermined, affect-based manner. Therefore, an affective trait is considered a relatively stable characteristic of personality. There are two general bipolar dimensions of affective responding: trait positive affect (TPA) and trait negative affect (TNA). High