This article explores the pivotal role of psychological interventions in the realm of addiction and recovery within the field of health psychology. Beginning with an examination of the psychological factors contributing to addiction, the discussion encompasses genetic predisposition, neurobiological underpinnings, and various psychological vulnerabilities. Subsequently, the article delves into the application of psychological interventions in
The word idio means own, personal, private, peculiar, and distinct. The word centrism refers to adopting the middle position between two extreme viewpoints. The combination of these words, idiocentrism, should be used when measuring individual-level orientations reflecting individualistic cultures. Individualistic cultures are common in countries in North America and Western and Northern Europe, and the
Personality traits are characteristic behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that tend to occur across diverse situations and are relatively stable over time. Given this broad definition, literally thousands of personality traits can be identified. For the better part of 100 years, personality researchers have attempted to create a standard taxonomy, or organizing structure
This article explores the pivotal role of psychological models in patient education within the realm of health psychology. The introduction elucidates the significance of patient education in health psychology, paving the way for an in-depth analysis of theoretical frameworks such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
Immigrants are people who leave their country of birth to live in a different country, most often on a permanent basis. Currently, people are immigrating to the United States by the thousands, hoping to find work and a better or safer life. The Office of Immigration Statistics reports that, in the United States, in 2005
Biographical data, or biodata, are measures of key aspects of individuals’ life experiences intended to predict job applicants’ future performance in organizations, whether that performance is task-specific job performance, teamwork, or shoplifting. Although bio-data can be developed to measure a wide array of experiences and psychological constructs, the fundamental and general premises underlying the predictive
This article in health psychology explores the pivotal roles of assessment and treatment planning in promoting individual and community well-being. The introduction delineates the fundamental concepts, emphasizing their significance within the broader field of health psychology. Section II delves into the intricate process of assessment, elucidating its purposes, diverse methodologies, and ethical considerations. Section III
Individualism is a common term in the counseling and psychological literature used to describe certain cultures and specific individual attributes valued in these cultures. The term individualism is often used in contrast to collectivism. Both terms describe a cultural syndrome that reflects shared attitudes, beliefs, norms, and values that are found among individuals who live
The term cognitive ability generally refers to the capacity to mentally process, comprehend, and manipulate information—in short, the ability to learn. For example, reasoning deductively or inductively, grasping general principles from observing the behavior of objects, mentally rotating objects in one’s mind, quickly and accurately comprehending what one is reading, and dealing effectively with mathematical
This article critically examines the evolution and critiques of the Biopsychosocial Model model, offering a comprehensive overview of its historical development and theoretical foundations. Beginning with the early influences such as the biomedical and psychosocial models, the narrative explores the emergence of health psychology as a distinct field, emphasizing George L. Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model and the
Interracial comfort is described as the comfort level that a person feels around members of a race different from his or her own. Interracial comfort can be measured as awareness of the person, the presence or absence of anxiety about the other person, and the ability to go about the task at hand without being
Although there are many definitions of cognitive ability, most focus on the notion that cognitive ability is both a determinant and a product of human learning. A common definition of cognitive ability describes it as a general mental capability that involves, among other things, the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex
This article in the field of health psychology delves into the intricate relationship between bulimia nervosa and self-image distortions, offering a nuanced exploration of the psychological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Beginning with an overview of bulimia nervosa, including its diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and associated behaviors, the article then shifts its focus to the central theme
Interracial marriage is defined as a matrimonial union between members of two different races. It can be seen as a form of miscegenation (i.e., mixing of different races) or exogamy (i.e., a union outside of one’s social group), depending on whether race or culture is applied to the definition. Race is a term intended to
Computer assessment, Web-based assessment, and computer adaptive testing (CAT) all refer to a classification of personnel instruments that use computer technology for the purposes of selection and assessment. The most general of these terms, computer assessment, refers to any assessment instrument that is presented using a computer interface. Web-based assessment is a specialized form of
This article explores the intricate web of psychological correlates associated with bulimia nervosa within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of bulimia’s prevalence and significance, the article delves into three distinct yet interconnected body parts. The cognitive factors section examines how distorted thinking patterns and body image dissatisfaction contribute to bulimic behaviors
Kwanzaa is an African American holiday that was created by Maulana Karenga, an authority on African studies. It was first celebrated from December 26 through January 1, 1967, in Los Angeles, California, and Kwanzaa continues to be celebrated annually at that time of year as a Black holiday embraced by millions of African Americans. Kwanzaa
The term core self-evaluations refers to fundamental, global evaluations that individuals make about their worth as individuals, including whether they have the capability to handle the tasks and challenges they face in life and the extent to which they feel in control of their lives. When faced with a problem or challenge, individuals with high
This article explores the application of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, a prevalent and debilitating eating disorder. The introduction provides a contextual foundation, defining bulimia and underscoring its impact on individuals’ well-being. An overview of CBT is presented, emphasizing its evidence-based nature and relevance in bulimia treatment. The first body section
The rapidly growing population of Latinos/as in the United States underscores the profound need for counselors to broaden their clinical treatment approaches to attend to specific culture-related concerns. Latinos/as are faced with a number of social, health, and psychological difficulties that affect their need for mental health services. The negative impact of these life circumstances
Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to reason with, and about, emotions. This is the ability model of emotional intelligence developed by psychologists Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 1990. However, since that time, emotional intelligence has come to mean many different things to both the public and to researchers. Some popular approaches to emotional
This article explores the intricate interplay between family dynamics and bulimia nervosa within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction that defines and contextualizes bulimia, the article highlights the significance of understanding familial influences on the development and maintenance of this eating disorder. The first section delves into genetic and family environmental factors
The model minority myth refers to a set of stereotypes that are composed of several positive qualities purportedly unique to all Asian Americans. Asian Americans represent a very diverse population in the United States, with approximately 29 distinct ethnic groups differing in languages, religions, and customs. However, the model minority myth tends to generalize more
The employment interview is one of the most common methods organizations use to recruit, screen, and select employees. Few individuals are hired without going through at least one interview. Generally defined, an employment interview is an interpersonal exchange between a job candidate and one or more organizational representatives who attempt to assess the candidate’s job-relevant
This article investigates the intricate relationship between media exposure and the development of bulimia nervosa within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of media portrayals of body image, we delve into the pervasive influence of unrealistic standards and idealized body types prevalent in fashion magazines, advertisements, and social media. Employing the Social
The term monocultural is used in several fields to refer to a single homogeneous culture that de-emphasizes diversity. In the United States, a Western or White hegemonic culture has been emphasized. Under this monocultural perspective, dominant American cultural values, expectations, behaviors, and definitions are presumed to be superior to values of other cultures. Thus, to
The idea that genetics may play a determining role in work behavior and work-related phenomena does not have a particularly long past in terms of actual research activity among industrial-organizational psychologists. Whereas research in other domains of psychology convincingly have shown that human behavior is influenced by genetic and biological characteristics of individuals, it was
This article provides a comprehensive examination of the psychopathology associated with Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa within the framework of health psychology. The introduction contextualizes the prevalence and significance of eating disorders, emphasizing the necessity of understanding the psychopathological nuances of both Bulimia and Anorexia. The body of the article consists of three main sections:
Multiculturalism has been called the “fourth force” of psychology by Paul B. Pedersen, Pius K. Essandoh, and others (following psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism as schools of thought). Multicultural psychology is a major influence in contemporary psychology and includes such broad topic areas as racial identity development, acculturation, prejudice and stereotyping, and multicultural competence. Research focused
Graphology, or handwriting analysis, is sometimes used to assess personality or make inferences about specific attributes such as integrity. The underlying theory is that there are a number of structural characteristics of a person’s handwriting that provide reliable indications of personality, including traits such as honesty or loyalty. There are serious questions regarding the validity
This article delves into the intricate landscape of medical complications associated with bulimia, a serious eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. The introduction sets the stage by providing an overview of bulimia’s definition, prevalence, and demographics, emphasizing the critical need to
The term multiculturalism refers to a perspective in which diversity in backgrounds and experiences related to race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability, education status, and socioeconomic class is recognized. In the United States, multicultural-ism has been described as a social movement that celebrates and values pluralism, or differences between individuals and groups. From
The gravitational hypothesis is a theory that suggests that workers will gravitate, or move, to jobs that match their cognitive ability. Cognitive ability, generally speaking, is a person’s cognitive capacity or general mental capability that determines how quickly that person can process and understand concepts and ideas. It is believed to be stable once a
This article within the field of health psychology explores prevention strategies for bulimia nervosa, a serious eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of overeating followed by compensatory behaviors. The introduction establishes the significance of the issue, presenting a definition of bulimia, its prevalence, and the profound impact on individuals. The body of the article delineates
As the numbers of both transracial adoptions and interracial relationships have increased, the notion of family has expanded in recent decades beyond the traditional monoracial nuclear family. Changes in both of these factors have influenced family compositions and resulted in a larger number of immediate families (i.e., parents and their children) comprising more than one
Hardiness consists of three interrelated belief systems people have about their relationship to their world. Commitment refers to people’s ability to find meaning in events that happen to them. People who are high in commitment feel involved in and engaged by events in their lives rather than feeling alienated, disengaged, or disconnected. Control refers to
This article explores the multifaceted phenomenon of Bulimia Nervosa across diverse cultural contexts within the framework of health psychology. The introduction defines Bulimia Nervosa and underscores the significance of a cross-cultural examination, setting the stage for a thorough exploration. Section II delves into the prevalence of bulimia across cultures, offering a global overview, examining cross-cultural
Nationalism is a sociopolitical ideology that defines the solidarity, history, and destiny of a human population based on a nation or national origin. Nationalism is either the consequence or the basis for establishing nation-states throughout the world, usually distinguished by borders confining a nation to a certain territory or homeland. Today, most of the world’s
Many companies use scores from personality tests when evaluating job applicants. Meta-analytic evidence suggests that scores from well-developed personality tests are predictive of job performance and other organizationally relevant outcomes, with the strongest findings observed across settings for the trait of conscientiousness. A potentially important issue with many personality tests, however, is the accuracy of
This article explores the pivotal role of nutritional rehabilitation in the comprehensive treatment of Bulimia Nervosa, emphasizing its significance in addressing both physical and psychological aspects of the disorder. The introduction elucidates the definition of Bulimia Nervosa and introduces the overarching importance of nutritional rehabilitation in its treatment paradigm. The first body section delves into
The workforce of the United States continues to grow more diverse. Employment equity legislation has made organizational diversity an issue of legal, ethical, and strategic interest. Data reported in 2005 by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) indicate an increase in the percentage of people of color in the private sector from 27% in 1998
Although individual psychological assessment is one of the most widely offered services provided by practitioners in psychology, it takes on somewhat unique characteristics in the domain of industrial and organizational psychology. These unique characteristics occur for both the assessment measurements of the individual and the outcomes that are predicted from those measurements. From a measurement
This article explores the intricate landscape of coping mechanisms in the context of cancer diagnosis within the field of health psychology. The introduction underscores the psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis and the imperative role that coping mechanisms play in managing associated challenges. The subsequent sections delve into emotional coping mechanisms, emphasizing the significance of
Pacific Islanders refers to the indigenous people of the Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian islands. Polynesia refers to the islands settled by Polynesians, which includes (but is not limited to) Tahiti, Hawai’i, American and Western Samoa, Tonga, Rapanui (Easter Island), the Cook Islands, and French Polynesia. Micronesia refers to the islands in the Western Pacific with
Paper-and-pencil tests designed to measure integrity, honesty, dependability, and related constructs have been in existence since at least the 1950s and have long been used in the retail sales, banking, and food service industries. Following the 1988 Employee Polygraph Protection Act, a federal law that restricted the use of the polygraph (i.e., the so-called lie
This article on psychological interventions in oncology explores the critical role of psychological interventions in addressing the multifaceted impact of cancer on individuals. The introduction provides an overview of the emotional and cognitive challenges associated with a cancer diagnosis, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to healthcare. The body of the article delves into
In its general sense, pluralism refers to the existence and validity of a variety of beliefs, values, realities, and identities. Pluralism has been used to describe the variety of beliefs and values that exist within a society (e.g., political pluralism), a discipline (e.g., scientific pluralism), or culture (e.g., cultural pluralism). In the multicultural counseling literature
Job knowledge is critical to successful job performance. Job performance can be viewed as being determined by one’s declarative knowledge (knowledge of facts, rules, and procedures—a job’s requirements), procedural knowledge and skill (knowing how and being able to do what the job requires), and motivation. In the job performance literature, job knowledge is the declarative
This article delves into the intricate interplay between hope and cancer treatment within the realm of health psychology. Recognizing the profound emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis, the introduction provides a foundation by defining hope in the context of health psychology and outlining the purpose of the article. The first section explores the psychological landscape
Poverty is a global problem. Using the U.S. dollar as a hallmark for living standards, approximately 2.8 billion people live on less than 2 dollars a day, and almost 1.2 billion live on less than 1 dollar a day. Given the differing living standards across nations, a dollar has different weight depending on context. But
In psychology, there is a common belief that the best predictor of future performance is past performance. References and letters of recommendation are methods of predicting future performance by looking at past performance. More than 80% of organizations in the United States check references, and almost all colleges and universities ask for letters of recommendation
This article explores the intricate intersection of cancer survivorship and mental health within the realm of health psychology. The introduction delineates the transition from active treatment to survivorship, emphasizing the prolonged duration and distinct phases characterizing this journey. Acknowledging the prevalence of psychological distress among cancer survivors, the article investigates the intricate landscape of post-traumatic
Race refers to a label that is commonly ascribed to individuals in certain societies based on their affiliation with a group of people. Members of racial groups typically share common characteristics in physical appearance or phenotype, but more significantly, they share a common stature within a given society. Although not widely regarded as such, many
Locus of control is a personality variable that reflects a person’s general beliefs about whether he or she is in control or whether external forces are in control. Individuals who believe they are in control are called internals, whereas people who believe that external forces (luck, fate, or powerful others) are in control are called
This article explores the profound impact of cancer on family systems within the framework of health psychology. The introduction provides an overview of cancer, its prevalence, and underscores the importance of understanding its effects on family dynamics. The first section delves into the emotional toll experienced by family members, examining responses such as shock, anxiety
Racial microaggressions are subtle and commonplace exchanges or indignities (both conscious and unconscious) that somehow convey demeaning messages to people of color. These racial slights can be verbal, behavioral, or even environmental. The exchanges often are viewed by perpetrators as harmless and inoffensive, but racial microaggressions can be a cause of psychological distress and drain
Machiavellianism is a strategy of interpersonal conduct whereby others are manipulated and deceived in the pursuit of one’s own interests. In the workplace, people who are high in Machiavellianism (referred to as high Machs) regard coworkers as means toward personal ends. High Machs are characterized by four criteria: lack of interpersonal affect, lack of concern
This health psychology article explores the nuanced interplay of depression and anxiety in cancer patients, shedding light on their prevalence, contributing factors, and shared risk elements. The introduction defines the psychological constructs within the context of cancer, emphasizing their significance. Section II delves into the multifaceted nature of depression, elucidating medical and psychosocial factors that
Racial pride is an attitude signifying a preference for cultural representations of one’s racial group. Much of the conceptualization and research regarding racial pride has focused on the socialization experiences of African Americans, an ethnic group within the Black population. Information about racial pride among other racial groups remains relatively unknown. The definition of racial
Motivation refers to an internal set of nonability processes that channel, energize, and sustain behavior over time. Motivation influences the direction (i.e., choice of activities), intensity (i.e., amount of effort), and persistence (i.e., duration of effort) of an individual’s behavior. A trait can be defined as a distinguishable feature of a person’s nature that demonstrates
This article in health psychology explores stress management techniques specifically tailored for individuals facing the challenges of cancer. The introduction sets the stage by defining stress within the cancer context and emphasizing the critical role of stress management in cancer treatment. The body of the article delves into the intricate relationship between stress and cancer
Early in the history of the psychology/counseling profession, few efforts were made to “recruit” culturally diverse persons; rather, diverse persons, typically through grassroots and organizational efforts, sought entry into psychology despite major resistance. This was especially true during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, as time has passed, especially within the last 3
The need for achievement, power, and affiliation are three primary types of motives or motivational drives that influence a broad spectrum of behavior, from how one interacts on an interpersonal level to one’s choice of and/or success in an occupation. These motives can be either implicit—that is, developed prior to the formation of language in
This article explores the intricate psychological aspects of palliative care within the realm of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of palliative care, emphasizing the necessity of addressing its psychological aspects. The first section delves into the profound psychological impact on patients facing terminal illnesses, examining emotional responses, cognitive processes, and adaptive coping strategies.
Refugees are people who flee their native countries to seek sanctuary in another country as a means of escaping persecution or oppression. Typically, refugee populations are especially active in times of war, though many also leave their countries of origin to escape an oppressive government. The traditional countries that accept refugees are Australia, Canada, Denmark
The terms optimism and pessimism refer to the tendencies of people to expect that good things will happen and to expect that bad things will happen, respectively. Persons who believe that their goals can be achieved despite the difficulties they might encounter are said to hold an optimistic view. They are predisposed to think that
This article explores the field of psycho-oncology and its profound implications for the Quality of Life (QoL) of cancer patients. Beginning with an elucidation of psycho-oncology, its historical evolution, and its indispensable role in cancer care, the article navigates through the landscape of psychological interventions tailored for individuals, groups, and families affected by cancer. Delving
Santeria, also known as Lukumr, Regla de Ocha, or “the way of the saints,” is an Afro-Cuban and earth-centered religion transmitted primarily in oral fashion. Its main objective is to find solutions to human problems in a world that is simultaneously physical and spiritual. Its origins can be traced to the 19th century or earlier
Despite the fact that many scholars have offered formal definitions of personality for almost 100 years, no consensus on any single definition has been achieved. In fact, a survey of 50 textbooks devoted to the study of personality would quite likely result in 50 distinct definitions of the term. Perhaps the reason that scholars have
This article explores the pivotal role of behavioral medicine approaches in cancer care within the field of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by defining behavioral medicine and elucidating its application in the context of cancer treatment. The significance of integrating psychosocial, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness-based interventions into conventional cancer care is underscored in three
Second culture acquisition, an integral aspect of the acculturation process, is the adjustment of the immigrant to the dominant culture. In the new culture, immigrants must navigate through situations in which they have no experience, often without a grasp of the language. Immigrants must deal with changes such as alterations in diet, climate change, different
Personality assessment is the process of gathering information about an individual to make inferences about personal characteristics including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Raymond B. Cattell identified three primary sources of obtaining such personality information: life-data, information collected from objective records; test-data, information obtained in constructed situations where a person’s behavior can be observed and objectively
This article explores the crucial role of psychological assessments in understanding and managing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Beginning with an introduction to the syndrome, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, and demographic prevalence, the article delves into the intricate interplay of psychological factors in CFS, examining the impact of psychosocial stressors, cognitive influences, and emotional components
Sexual orientation describes a person’s sexual or affectional attraction to another person specifically identified by gender, either opposite sex (heterosexually oriented), same sex (homosexually oriented), or both sexes (bisexually oriented). This entry focuses on sexual orientation as applied to a same-sex orientation or a bisexual orientation. Sexual Orientation and Career Counseling Only 30 years ago
Physically demanding occupations, such as manual materials handling and public safety, require the use of a variety of physical abilities to perform the job tasks. Because of the need for workers to meet the physical requirements of arduous jobs and the potential for injury, employers use physical performance tests to determine an individual’s physical capabilities
This article explores the intricate relationship between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and cognitive dysfunction within the domain of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of CFS, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and impact on daily functioning, the narrative delves into the nuanced nature of cognitive dysfunction experienced by individuals with CFS. Memory impairment, attention
Discrimination is a complex social problem that affects individuals, groups, organizations, and society as a whole. Scholars describe discrimination as consisting of types (e.g., subtle or overt), occurring across levels (e.g., individual, institutional, cultural), and in relation to its targets (e.g., racial or ethnic, sexual, sexual orientation). The focus of study in many disciplines and
The concept of practical intelligence reflects the idea that there might be some ability besides general mental abilities g), some street smarts or common sense that predicts how successfully individuals handle situations in their actual lives in the form of appropriate responses, given facts and circumstances as they are discovered, and considering a person’s short-
This article delves into the intricate relationship between emotional resilience and chronic fatigue within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of emotional resilience and chronic fatigue, emphasizing their significance in individual well-being. The first section explores how emotional resilience plays a crucial role in coping with chronic fatigue, while the
Socioeconomic Status Definition Socioeconomic status (SES) is an indicator of an individual’s social and economic standing in society and often is determined by a combination of ratings on occupational status, income level, and education. Individuals with low SES ratings tend to have low-status occupations, such as service industry jobs; income at or below the poverty
The notion of the Protestant work ethic has its roots in Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, in which he espoused the idea that the success of capitalism and economic growth throughout Western Europe and North America was partly the consequence of Puritanical values such as a calling to one’s work
This article explores the behavioral management of fatigue symptoms within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the prevalence and significance of fatigue, the article delves into the intricate interplay of psychological, physiological, and behavioral factors contributing to fatigue. The first section elucidates the role of stress, sleep quality, sedentary lifestyle, and
Socioeconomic status (SES) typically refers to a person’s position and esteem in society based on economic and other resources. The most commonly cited indicators of SES are income, occupation, and education. In social science research, SES is often used interchangeably with the term social class. However, some would argue that these are different terms and
Self-esteem (SE) is the overall value that one places on oneself as a person. Few topics have received more attention in psychology than SE, and indeed, a search of the PsyclNFO database in 2005 identified more than 25,000 articles with self-esteem as a keyword. There are several reasons for the enduring interest in SE. First
This health psychology article explores the intricate relationship between social support and chronic fatigue, elucidating the multifaceted ways in which various forms of support influence the experience and management of this debilitating condition. The introduction delineates the pervasive impact of chronic fatigue on individuals, emphasizing the imperative to investigate the role of social support. The
A sojourner is a person who resides in a country other than his or her country of origin for an extended time. Sojourners leave their home country for a specific purpose (e.g., teaching, studying, working, military service, humanitarian aide) but have no intentions of applying for citizenship or moving permanently to the host country. International
Many work situations require the job incumbent to make a judgment about aspects of the situation and respond to the practical situational demands. An effective response to the practical demands of a situation may require the appropriate use of some combination of one’s abilities and other personal attributes. Situational judgment tests (SJTs) are psychometric tests
This health psychology article explores the intricate relationship between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and sleep quality. The introduction provides a succinct overview of CFS, elucidating its definition, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and demographics, underscoring the importance of understanding this condition within the realm of health psychology. The subsequent sections delve into the multifaceted connection between CFS
Stereotype is generally defined as a consciously or unconsciously held rigid belief or expectation about a group that does not easily permit exceptions. Stereotyped beliefs are held by a group (commonly called the ingroup) and involve an agenda that benefits the ingroup at the expense of the stereotyped group (commonly called the outgroup or target
Since the early 20th century, the United States has been the foremost developer and consumer of testing technology in the world. Tests have been used widely by the U.S. military, government and civilian employers, and educational institutions to improve selection, placement, and promotion decisions. However, the pervasiveness of testing in American life, starting as early
This article delves into the intricate intersection of stigma and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) within the realm of health psychology, aiming to comprehensively explore the impact of societal attitudes on individuals with this debilitating condition. The introduction establishes a foundational understanding of CFS, detailing its diagnostic criteria, etiology, and pervasive effects on physical and mental
Stereotype Threat Definition Stereotype threat arises from the recognition that one could be judged or treated in terms of a negative stereotype about one’s group. This sense of threat usually happens when one is doing something to which such a stereotype applies. Then one knows that one is subject to be judged or treated in
The concept of stereotype threat was originally proposed by Claude M. Steele and Joshua A. Aronson in 1995. It is the risk that an individual will confirm a widely known, negative stereotype about his or her group when placed in a situation in which that stereotype is made salient. Concern about making an unfavorable stereotype
This article delves into the realm of health psychology, focusing on pacing therapy as a nuanced approach to symptom management. The introduction provides an overview of health psychology’s significance and introduces the critical role of symptom management within this field. The first section comprehensively explores Pacing Therapy, elucidating its historical roots, theoretical underpinnings, and core
In 1995, Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson coined the term stereotype threat. The cornerstone of the phenomenon of stereotype threat is the pressure to not conform to a given expectation of poor performance. This results in an activation of negative and internalized stereotypes. In other words, the pressure to not conform to a known
Modern organizations are faced with dynamic pressures such as changing technologies, global competition, and organizational restructuring. Such demands require workers to be adaptable and demonstrate the capacity to quickly learn. To address these issues, researchers and practitioners in industrial-organizational psychology and related fields have sought to define, measure, and build interventions around the psychological concepts
This article delves into the intricate relationship between diet and chronic fatigue within the realm of health psychology. Chronic fatigue, a pervasive condition, is explored through the lens of nutrient deficiencies, highlighting the pivotal roles of essential vitamins and minerals, such as Vitamin D, B vitamins, and iron. The second section investigates the impact of
Many authors concur that the third world is a term used to describe countries and nations who are poor, in political crisis, contending with pollution, and in debt. Berger believes these differences between developed and underdeveloped nations have also been described as a North-South conflict wherein the developed nations are the North and the underdeveloped
Kelley’s Covariation Model Definition Harold Kelley’s covariation model is a central model within attribution theory, an area of social psychology that is concerned with the scientific analysis of the psychology of everyday people. Attribution theory was originally introduced by Fritz Heider in 1958 and assumes that we all want to understand and explain events. For
This article explores the pivotal role of exercise therapy in the treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction to the diagnostic criteria and prevalence of CFS, the article navigates through the biological and psychological intricacies of the syndrome. The rationale for incorporating exercise therapy is elucidated
Tokenism involves the symbolic involvement of a person in an organization due only to a specified or salient characteristic (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, disability, age). It refers to a policy or practice of limited inclusion of members of a minority, underrepresented, or disadvantaged group. The presence of people placed in the role of token often leads
Type A and type B personality is one of the most researched personality constructs in relation to health and work behavior. In contrast to its type B counterpart, the type A personality is characterized by specific behavioral dispositions, such as aggressiveness, competitiveness, lack of patience, and excessive striving for achievement. Type A individuals tend to
Adapting to life with chronic illness poses a significant challenge to individuals’ psychological well-being, necessitating a comprehensive exploration within the domain of health psychology. This article delves into the multifaceted impact of chronic illness on emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions, examining manifestations such as depression, anxiety, and social isolation. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as
The language barrier is one of the biggest obstacles to effective cross-cultural research, testing, and counseling. Translation methods are specialized procedures designed to make possible the communication between people who speak or read different languages. Four translation methods have been identified. The first two are oral methods: (1) simultaneous oral translation, also known as interpretation
Work samples, in the strictest sense, are hands-on performance tests or simulations of the job, which are used to estimate current or predict future performance on similar tasks. Uses of work samples include the following: Selection: Work samples can be used to decide which applicants to hire. This is the most typical use of work
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health and chronic disease, shedding light on the profound impact psychological factors exert on the progression and management of long-term health conditions. Beginning with an elucidation of the significance of mental health interventions, the article delves into the psychological repercussions of chronic diseases, emphasizing the role of
Transracial adoption refers to the placement of children with parents who are racially and ethnically different from the children. The practice of transracial adoption has a long and complex history. Throughout the history of transracial adoption, it has been referred to as interracial adoption or cross-cultural adoption. Traditionally, the term transracial adoption referred to the
The concept of lay epistemics concerns the process through which individuals (lay persons and scientists alike) attain their subjective knowledge. A theory of lay epistemics has been outlined in two volumes by Arie W. Kruglanski published 15 years apart, and the relevant empirical research has been presented in numerous theoretical and research articles in the
This article delves into the intricate interplay between chronic illness and family coping strategies within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the context by defining chronic illness and highlighting its prevalence, emphasizing its profound impact on individuals and families. The ensuing sections explore the emotional and practical challenges families face when dealing with
Universalism is defined as the principle that a given value, behavior, theory, or treatment will be the same across all groups independent of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and other social identities. This principle has been a core philosophical assumption within the fields of counseling, psychology, medicine, and many other social sciences. This foundational tenet has
Individuals hold central beliefs about two broad aspects of work. First, they have beliefs regarding how they ought to behave in work-relevant contexts (working hard, acting with integrity, respecting others). Second, they have preferences regarding what the work environment will provide for them (a challenging job, high pay). Although authors have usually focused on one
This article explores the intricate relationship between psychological resilience and chronic disease within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of psychological resilience, the introduction underscores its pivotal role in mitigating the profound impact of chronic illnesses on individuals’ mental well-being. The first section delves into the theoretical underpinnings of psychological resilience in
Visible racial/ethnic groups is a euphemism for racial/ethnic classification in the counseling profession when discussing American racial/ethnic groups that are non-Caucasian or not of European descent. This terminology, coined by Janet E. Helms and Donelda A. Cook, for African, Latino/a, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Native/Indigenous Americans, is an alternative to the term racial/ethnic minority
Lowballing Definition Lowballing is a strategy to increase compliance. In lowballing, the person making a request gets another person (i.e., the target of compliance) to make a commitment to a particular course of action. After making that commitment, the requester reveals hidden costs associated with the requested course of action. The target of compliance is
This article delves into the intricate relationship between chronic pain and emotional well-being within the realm of health psychology. Chronic pain, a pervasive and debilitating condition, is examined through its multifaceted impact on emotional states, elucidating neurobiological mechanisms, psychological factors, and the interplay of cognitive appraisal and coping strategies. In turn, the article explores the
The identity of White Americans can be described along a number of dimensions. Perhaps the most basic is the statistical portrait derived from numerical data as compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau; however, a more nuanced understanding of this group emerges from consideration of their history, culture, and social location. White Americans by the Numbers
This article explores the pivotal role of patient support groups in the realm of health psychology, emphasizing their historical evolution, diverse psychological benefits, and profound impact on health outcomes. The introduction provides a foundation by defining patient support groups and highlighting their historical context, while emphasizing their significance in health psychology. The first body section
White privilege is the concept that European Americans benefit from specific advantages—denied to people of color—solely because of their nonminority status. These are unearned benefits derived not from merit, and these benefits are often taken for granted, if even acknowledged at all. White privilege generally refers to White, male, Anglo-Saxon, middle to upper class, heterosexual
This article explores the intricate relationship between illness perceptions and disease management within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of health psychology’s significance, the introduction outlines the imperative to comprehend illness perceptions and their profound impact on disease management. The first section delves into the multifaceted nature of illness perceptions, elucidating key
The human psyche represents a complex constellation of activity that impacts how people perceive and respond to reality. Culture firmly impacts the human experience, and worldview is subsequently one of the most studied constructs in the field of cultural, cross-cultural, and multicultural psychology. Worldview has been defined as a person’s perception of his or her
The workplace landscape is increasingly influenced by the prevalence of chronic illnesses, posing significant challenges for both employees and organizations. This article delves into the multifaceted impact of chronic illnesses on individuals within professional settings, examining the physical, psychological, and social dimensions of the experience. From navigating physical limitations to coping with stress and potential
Xenophobia is derived from the terms phobos (meaning “fear”) and xenos (“strangers”). Thus, xenophobia is defined as fear of strangers or of the unknown or of anything that is different. The fears are unwarranted and triggered by unfounded beliefs and generalizations. These fears sometimes incite hostile behavior and attitudes toward the unknown target. Some scholars
This article explores the transformative impact of technology-aided therapy on chronic illness management within the realm of health psychology. The introduction delineates the concept of technology-aided therapy and provides a historical context, emphasizing its significance in contemporary healthcare. The first section delves into specific technological interventions, such as telehealth, mobile health applications, and virtual reality
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood behavior disorder. It is characterized by developmentally elevated levels of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These three symptoms are so imperative that they have been referred to as the “holy trinity” of ADHD. Over the years, the disorder has gone by a number of different names
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), the formal diagnostic category for autism and Asperger’s syndrome is pervasive developmental disorder, or PDD. Pervasive developmental disorders include autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, Asperger’s disorder (syndrome), childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Mental health professionals, however
Bipolar disorder (previously known as manic depression or manic depressive illness) is a psychiatric disorder marked by extreme shifts in mood from severe depression to mania (a highly activated state). The cyclical mood fluctuations that characterize this disorder can be devastating for the individual and family members and often result in significant impairment in social
Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is characterized by inappropriate or excessive sexual thoughts or behaviors that lead to stress, are overly time consuming, or lead to interpersonal, family, marital, financial, or legal problems. It appears to be widespread, to preferentially affect men, and to have an onset early in life. Psychiatric comorbidity is common, and while
Conduct problems in children and adolescents are among the most common referrals to mental health agencies and are a leading cause for concern among family, social, and legal systems in the United States. Conduct problems can be defined as externalizing behaviors that are oppositional, defiant, aggressive, and/or antisocial, including verbal or physical violence, threatening or
Dementia is an inclusive term describing a group of brain disorders that cause memory loss and a decline in mental function. Researchers distinguish two types of dementia, reversible and irreversible dementia. Reversible dementia means the loss of memory can be cured partially or completely with treatment. Irreversible dementia is incurable; patients eventually become unable to
Depression is a normal human emotion that is experienced periodically in the form of “sadness,” “disappointment,” “grief,” or being “down in the dumps.” It is not uncommon to experience these feelings, particularly if environmental experiences are unrewarding, stressful, negative, or aversive. However, factors such as the frequency and duration of stressful life experiences, attribution style
The article on preventing relapse in alcoholism delves into the multifaceted challenge of alcohol use disorder, emphasizing the critical need for effective relapse prevention strategies. The introduction elucidates the prevalence of alcoholism as a public health concern, laying the groundwork for a comprehensive exploration of relapse within this context. The subsequent sections meticulously examine the
This article explores the often underestimated emotional impact of arthritis within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an introduction defining arthritis and elucidating its prevalence, the article delves into the intricate relationship between emotional factors and arthritis, focusing on stress, depression, and anxiety. Subsequently, it examines the psychosocial ramifications of arthritis on individuals’ quality
This article delves into the critical realm of psychological interventions for arthritis within the context of health psychology. Commencing with an overview of arthritis and its profound psychological implications, the narrative navigates through the intricate relationship between psychosocial factors and arthritis progression, substantiated by prevalence statistics and relevant studies. The subsequent section elucidates the efficacy
This article delves into the intricate relationship between arthritis and quality of life within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of arthritis as a chronic inflammatory joint disorder, the exposition navigates through the prevalence and impact of this condition, emphasizing its profound implications on individuals’ daily functioning. The core of the article
This article explores the intricate landscape of chronic pain within the framework of health psychology, delving into its definition, causes, and the profound impact on individuals’ psychological well-being and overall quality of life. Utilizing the biopsychosocial model, the first section elucidates the multifaceted nature of chronic pain, encompassing neurobiological aspects and its pervasive consequences. The
This article in the field of health psychology delves into the critical domain of stress management for individuals coping with arthritis. The introduction provides a concise overview of arthritis, illuminating the intricate relationship between this chronic condition and heightened stress levels. The subsequent sections unfold with a detailed exploration of the physiological impact of stress
This article explores the intricate interplay between psychological factors, specifically self-efficacy and self-management, and the experience of arthritis. Beginning with an overview of arthritis’s prevalence and impact, the discussion delves into the crucial connection between mental and physical well-being. The first section scrutinizes self-efficacy, employing Bandura’s social cognitive theory to elucidate its pivotal role in
This article explores the pivotal role of social support in arthritis care within the framework of health psychology. The introduction delineates the significance of arthritis as a health concern, emphasizing the importance of psychosocial factors in its comprehensive management. The subsequent sections delve into the multifaceted dimensions of social support, categorizing it into emotional, instrumental
This article in health psychology explores the intricate relationship between depression and anxiety in arthritis, employing the biopsychosocial model to elucidate the multifaceted factors influencing their co-occurrence. The introduction delineates the significance of addressing mental health in individuals with arthritis, while the subsequent sections delve into the links between arthritis and both Depression and Anxiety.
This article provides a comprehensive exploration of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as a pivotal intervention in health psychology for pain control. The introduction underscores the paramount importance of addressing pain within the health psychology framework and introduces CBT as a potent approach. The first section delves into the multifaceted nature of pain, adopting the biopsychosocial
This article explores the pivotal role of lifestyle adaptations in the management of arthritis from a health psychology perspective. Beginning with an insightful introduction to arthritis, its prevalence, and the consequential impact on individuals, the article emphasizes the significance of incorporating lifestyle modifications for effective management. The body of the article delves into three key
Affirmative action refers to institutional measures taken to increase the representation of women and people of color in areas of employment, government contracts, and higher education from which they have been excluded historically. The policy began as a response to the failure of businesses with government contracts to hire women, persons with disabilities, and minorities.
This article explores the multifaceted realm of behavioral management in the context of asthma within the field of health psychology. Commencing with an elucidation of asthma, its prevalence, and consequential health implications, the introduction sets the stage for an examination of behavioral factors that influence asthma, including stress, health behaviors, and psychological factors. The subsequent
According to the most recent U.S. Census Bureau report, prepared in 2000, there were 36.4 million people, or 12.9% of the total U.S. population, who identified as Black or African American. In addition, there were 1.8 million, or 0.6% of the population, who identified as Black in combination with one or more other races. The
This article explores the intricate relationship between stress and asthma symptomatology within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of stress and asthma, the discussion delves into the physiological effects of stress and its role as a trigger for asthma exacerbations. Examining psychosocial factors, including socioeconomic status, family dynamics, and environmental stressors, reveals
Afrocentricity/Afrocentrism is better referred to as African-centered thought. The term has endured several political and vernacular changes, but conceptually it has remained consistent. African-centered thought symbolizes the intellectual, psychological, and social struggle of descendants forcibly removed from Africa and placed in the Americas. It is representative of an intellectual and practical effort to reclaim a
This article explores the intricate interplay between psychological factors and pediatric asthma within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the significance of understanding the emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of this prevalent chronic condition among children. The first section delves into emotional and behavioral factors, elucidating the profound impact of pediatric asthma on
Alaska Natives comprise three distinct ethnic groups: Eskimos, Aleuts, and Indians, each with their own distinct histories, cultures, customs, and traditions. American Indians/Alaska Natives constitute approximately 1% of the U.S. population. However, in Alaska, Native people comprise approximately 17% of the 625,000 people that make up the state’s total population. Thus, Alaska has the 10th
This article explores the multifaceted dimensions of Quality of Life (QoL) in individuals living with chronic asthma, offering insights from the field of health psychology. The introduction provides a brief overview of chronic asthma, emphasizing the significance of addressing QoL in this context. The three main sections delve into the physical, psychological, and social aspects
Allocentrism is a personality trait that characterizes the attitudinal, cognitive, affective, and behavioral patterns and preferences shared among people of a collectivist culture. Among those who are allocentric, self is defined as more interdependent than independent; ingroup goals and harmony take priority over individual goals and autonomy. People who hold allocentric beliefs tend to value
This article explores the intricate relationship between mental health and asthma control, focusing on the impact of anxiety and depression. The introduction provides a contextual overview of the intersectionality of mental and physical health, emphasizing the significance of understanding this connection. The first section delves into the influence of anxiety on asthma control, examining relevant
American Indians (herein referred to as Indians, Native Americans, or Natives) have a rich and heart-rendering history and continue to contribute to the fabric of American society. The history of Native people is important for mental health professionals and researchers to understand in order to grasp the present implications of history and how they may
This article delves into the pivotal role of psychoeducation in the comprehensive management of asthma from a health psychology perspective. Asthma, a prevalent chronic condition, not only affects individuals physiologically but also poses significant psychological challenges. The biopsychosocial model illuminates the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in asthma, necessitating a holistic approach to
American Jews are a diverse group of people, with varying cultural and ethnic self-identification, degrees of religious adherence, and observances of Jewish holidays and customs. Despite the myriad ways in which one can be a Jew, however, there remains a common history, ethnocultural heritage, and, for many, a religious practice that unites this unique group.
This article delves into the realm of health psychology with a specific focus on self-care strategies in asthma management. Beginning with an exploration of the physiological underpinnings of asthma and its varied triggers, the discussion emphasizes the crucial role of self-care in mitigating the impact of this chronic inflammatory condition on individuals’ quality of life.
Antisemitism is prejudice, hostility, and/or discrimination toward Jews as a racial, religious, and/or ethnic group on an individual, community, institutional, and/or societal level. Antisemitism can be categorized into three central forms: religious (anti-Judaism), racial/ethnic (classical antisemitism), and political (anti-Israeli or anti-Zionist). This definition underscores a major problem with defining and understanding antisemitism; that is, Jews
Basking in Reflected Glory Definition Basking in reflected glory, also known as BIRGing, refers to the tendency of individuals to associate themselves with the successful, the famous, or the celebrated. A baseball fan’s use of the inclusive term we to describe the victory of his or her favorite team (as in “We won”) is an
This health psychology article delves into the intricate psychosocial challenges faced by individuals living with asthma, a prevalent and chronic respiratory condition. Commencing with an overview of asthma, its prevalence, and societal impact, the introduction underscores the vital role of health psychology in unraveling the interplay between psychological factors and asthma development and management. The
Arab Americans are defined, in this entry, as individuals and families with ancestry from one or more of the 22 Arab League states. The Arab League includes Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The Arab
Since the late 1800s, absent a contract specifying otherwise, an employment agreement generally has been regarded in the United States as being terminable at will by either employee or employer. In practice, the doctrine primarily inured to the benefit of the employer, who was able, according to one court, to discharge or retain employees with
This article delves into the psychosocial implications of asthma in school settings, exploring its multifaceted impact on students’ academic, social, and emotional well-being. In the introduction, we provide a succinct overview of asthma, emphasizing its prevalence and the consequential challenges faced by students. The first section examines the academic impact of asthma, unraveling the intricate
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. Based on the U.S. Census report, there are approximately 14.0 million U.S. residents who identified themselves as Asians. Heterogeneity is particularly important to address when it comes to a group such as Asian Americans, given that this population comprises approximately 43 different ethnic groups with more than 100
Workplace accommodations for the disabled are those practices, policies, and procedures put into place by employers to assist in the integration of and participation by disabled people in the workplace. These accommodations are necessitated by national, state, or provincial legislation, such as the Americans With Disabilities Act in the United States or the federal Human
This article delves into the crucial role of health psychology in asthma interventions, examining the complex interplay between psychosocial factors and asthma outcomes. Beginning with an exploration of the prevalence and impact of asthma, the introduction sets the stage for an in-depth investigation into the multifaceted relationships between stress, anxiety, and asthma symptoms. The first
Contemporary use of the term assimilation has involved two processes: (a) the process whereby an individual or a group of diverse ethnic and racial minority or immigrant individuals comes to adopt the beliefs, values, attitudes, and the behaviors of the majority or dominant culture; and (b) the process whereby an individual or group relinquishes the
The literature on conflict at work is an extensive body that can be divided into two research streams. Some studies focus on the effective management of conflict, whereas others emphasize the emergence of conflict at work. The latter group of studies is pertinent to our understanding of the concept of conflict at work, its antecedents
This article explores the intricate relationship between psychological factors and the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic cardiovascular condition with significant health implications. The introduction outlines the critical importance of understanding these psychological risk factors, setting the stage for an in-depth examination of three primary components. The first section elucidates the link between chronic stress and
When counseling culturally diverse clients, counselors will often encounter many obstacles or barriers. These barriers can stem from the counselor’s lack of cultural knowledge to language differences between the counselor and client. Barriers to cross-cultural counseling can negatively influence the counseling relationship as well as the outcome of counseling. The literature has even linked these
Conflict in organizations has received considerable attention in the business, psychology, and communication literatures. Nevertheless, a concise definition of conflict is lacking across studies and disciplines. In fact, researchers often provide definitions that differ from one study to another or fail to define conflict as it is measured in their studies. There is some agreement
This article explores the intricate relationship between stress and the progression of atherosclerotic diseases within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an overview of health psychology, the introduction delineates stress as a pivotal factor influencing health outcomes. The first section delves into the physiological mechanisms, elucidating the stress response and its profound impact on
Bias is defined as distortion of judgment or perception of a person or group based on the person’s or group’s race, religion, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, heritage, or ancestry, resulting in differential treatment in clinical work, diagnosis, and testing. The term bias has been used interchangeably with prejudice, specifically related to holding a distinct
The term diversity refers to all human characteristics that make people different from one another. These differences may be represented by visible characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnic background, and age. However, these differences may also be represented by nonvisible characteristics, such as education, functional background, organizational tenure, socioeconomic background, and personality. Diversity in the
This article explores the pivotal role of behavioral interventions in the prevention of atherosclerosis, a prevalent cardiovascular disease with significant health implications. Beginning with an overview of atherosclerosis and its societal impact, the introduction underscores the necessity of preventive measures. The body of the article systematically examines three key domains of behavioral intervention: lifestyle modifications
The term bicultural describes a state of having or inheriting two or more cultures (e.g., one of an ethnic heritage and one of culture lived in) or two or more ethnic traditions. Central to the discussion of biculturalism is the construct of culture. Culture can be defined as a learned system of meaning and behavior
In trying to understand what makes work groups and teams effective, an important question for theory and practice is what keeps a group together, or what leads the members of a group to stay committed to the group? The term group cohesiveness (or cohesion) was coined by Leon Festinger and colleagues to refer to the
This article explores the intricate relationship between emotional well-being and vascular health within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of emotional well-being and its pivotal role in health psychology, the discourse delves into the nuanced connections between emotions and vascular health. The overview section dissects the impact of both stress and positive
Bilingual counseling is defined as therapeutic discourse that accommodates the client’s linguistic characteristics and incorporates bilingual or multilingual factors as vital components of psychological and contextual functioning. Because language and culture are closely embedded, attention to language diversity responds to competent multicultural counseling that includes self-awareness of the counselor, knowledge of bilingual processes, and skills
The need for broad representation and a wide range of expertise often necessitates the use of groups to make important decisions. Indeed, group decision making is evident in product development teams, corporate boards, juries, and emergency medical teams. Group decision making involves the process of reaching agreement on a given set of alternatives among multiple
This article explores the intricate interplay between chronic heart conditions and psychological well-being, emphasizing the paramount importance of coping strategies within the realm of health psychology. Commencing with a definition of chronic heart conditions, the introduction elucidates the prevalence and profound impact on mental health, setting the stage for an in-depth analysis. The subsequent sections
Bilingualism is defined as the ability to communicate or be fluent in two languages. Multilingualism (a related term) refers to the ability to communicate or be fluent in three or more languages. Early definitions dating back to the 1930s refer to bilingualism as having “native-like” control of two languages. Nevertheless, research in the fields of
Group decision-making techniques are strategies for structuring group members’ interactions to enhance the quality of a collective decision. It is a set of rules or procedures that specify the process members should follow when contributing to a decision pertaining to their group. An effective group decision is characterized by a full use of members’ resources
This article delves into the intricate relationship between lifestyle changes and the effective management of atherosclerosis within the realm of health psychology. Atherosclerosis, a progressive cardiovascular condition characterized by arterial plaque buildup, is elucidated in its physiological complexity. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of atherosclerosis and its profound implications for cardiovascular health, emphasizing the
The term biracial refers to individuals who are born to parents who are each of a different racial background. For example, the child of an African American mother and an Asian American father would be considered biracial. Similarly, a person with one White parent and one Native American parent would also be considered biracial. The
Group development refers to the process by which members of newly formed work teams learn about their teammates, establish their roles and responsibilities, and acquire the task work and teamwork capabilities required to coordinate their effort to perform effectively as a team. Work group development pertains to the team as a whole (i.e., all members
This article explores the intersection of health psychology and atherosclerosis, emphasizing the critical role of patient education in managing this cardiovascular condition. Beginning with an elucidation of atherosclerosis and its significance, the article delves into its pathophysiology and associated risk factors, highlighting the intricate interplay of genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and comorbidities. The psychological impact
Black English, also referred to as Black English Vernacular (BEV), African American Vernacular English (AAVE), or Ebonics, is a dialectal adaptation of Standard American English found primarily within the African American community. The term refers primarily to patterns of speech that some scholars believe developed during the slavery period in America, as Africans learned English
Groupthink is a term coined by Irving Janis in 1971 to describe a premature concurrence-seeking tendency that interferes with collective decision-making processes and leads to poor decisions. It is characterized by deterioration in group member mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgments that result from in-group pressures to seek consensus. It is what happens when
This article explores the intricate psychosocial impacts of atherosclerosis diagnosis, emphasizing the intricate interplay between physical health and mental well-being. The introduction sets the stage by defining atherosclerosis, highlighting its prevalence, and illuminating the connection between physical and mental health. The subsequent section delves into the multifaceted emotional, cognitive, and social reactions individuals may experience
Black psychology is an emerging discipline broadly defined as an evolving system of knowledge concerning elements of human nature, specifically study of the experience and behavior of people of African descent (Black populations). Historically, Black psychology stems from African philosophy, yet early perspectives in the United States focused on reacting to Western psychology’s characterization of
Belief Perseverance Definition People tend to hold on to their beliefs even when it appears that they shouldn’t. Belief perseverance is the tendency to cling to one’s initial belief even after receiving new information that contradicts or disconfirms the basis of that belief. Everyone has tried to change someone’s belief, only to have them stubbornly
This article explores the intricate interplay between mental health and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) within the realm of health psychology. The introduction outlines the significance of understanding psychological factors in CAD, setting the stage for a detailed examination in three key areas. The first section investigates how mental health factors, including depression, anxiety, stress, and
A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) or Alaska Native Blood is a federal document that certifies that an individual possesses a specific degree of blood of a federally recognized tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community. Generally, the tribal rolls of federally recognized tribal nations are used to determine parental lineage and, therefore
Much of the work in organizations is accomplished through teams. It is therefore crucial to determine the factors that lead to effective as well as ineffective team processes and to better specify how, why, and when they contribute. Substantial research has been conducted on the variables that influence team effectiveness, yielding several models of team
This article delves into the pivotal role of diet and exercise in the treatment of atherosclerosis within the domain of health psychology. Offering a concise introduction to atherosclerosis, the article underscores its significance as a prevalent health concern. The primary objective is to elucidate the symbiotic impact of dietary modifications and physical activity on atherosclerosis
Collectivism is defined as an orientation that reflects the values, attitudes, and behaviors of a person-group relationship in which family and group life is emphasized and the concept of the self is less essential. Collectivism emphasizes an interdependence among individuals in their ingroups (e.g., family, tribe, nation), with the expectation that members give priority to
Blaming the Victim Definition A victim is a person who is harmed by the actions of another person or as the result of circumstance. Blaming the victim occurs when people hold the victim responsible for his or her suffering. When people blame the victim, they attribute the cause of the victim’s suffering to the behaviors
This article explores Binge Eating Disorder (BED) within the realm of health psychology, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of its etiology, diagnostic criteria, health consequences, and treatment approaches. Delving into the multifaceted origins of BED, genetic, psychological, and social factors are scrutinized, elucidating the intricate interplay that contributes to its development. The diagnostic criteria
Colonialism refers to a nation extending its sovereignty over territory beyond its homeland by establishing colonial settlements, dependencies, trading posts, or plantation colonies, in which native inhabitants are ruled, displaced, or extirpated. The goal of colonialism is to strengthen the homeland by controlling the natural resources, labor, and market of the colonial territory. Usually, colonizers
Intergroup relations involve the feelings, evaluations, beliefs, and behaviors that groups and their members have toward another group and its members. Negative intergroup relations typically involve prejudice (negative feelings and evaluations), stereotypes (beliefs about groups and their members), and discrimination (unfair treatment). However, intergroup bias does not necessarily require negative orientations. Bias may reflect unusually
This article delves into the complex interplay between emotions and binge eating, a prevalent issue in health psychology with significant implications for intervention and treatment. Beginning with a comprehensive definition of binge eating, grounded in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the exploration unfolds across three main sections. The first section examines
Over the past 2 decades scholars and popular authors have written about racial color-blindness as a way to characterize racial beliefs in the post-civil rights era. At its core, racial color-blindness refers to the belief that racism is a thing of the past and that race no longer plays a role in understanding people’s lived
Interpersonal communication is a dynamic and complex human phenomenon that includes at least two communicators. These communicators intentionally orient toward each other as both subject and object whose actions embody each other’s perspectives both toward self and toward other. In essence, interpersonal communication is a goal-driven interaction between at least two people that typically occurs
This article explores the landscape of psychological treatments for Binge Eating Disorder (BED) within the realm of health psychology. The introduction delineates the prevalence and impact of BED on both physical and mental health, laying the groundwork for the subsequent discussion. Three major psychological treatments are examined in detail: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
Communication is difficult to define as it can be understood from a variety of perspectives. Dominic Infante, Andrew Rancer, and Deanna Womack suggest that communication occurs between humans when the meaning of symbols is manipulated to stimulate meaning. From this perspective, communication is important for promoting cooperation. Humans are social in nature and require cooperation
Interpersonal communication style is the manner in which one communicates. It includes the way one interacts to create expectations for future behavior on the part of both participants. Communication is the transmission of information and meaning from one individual to another. The communication process, whether verbal or nonverbal, involves a sender and a receiver. Whether
This article explores the intricate relationship between self-esteem and binge eating within the context of health psychology. The introduction lays the foundation by emphasizing the broader significance of psychological factors in health and underscores the prevalence and consequences of binge eating. The second section delves into the nature of binge eating, providing a comprehensive overview
Cross-cultural psychology is the study of similarities and differences in individual psychological functioning in various cultural and ethnic groups, as well as the relationships between psychological variables and sociocultural, ecological, and biological variables. Cross-cultural psychology regards culture as essential to psychological functioning, as an integral context for psychological development and behavior. Cross-cultural psychology consists mainly
Justice in teams represents a specific content area within the organizational justice literature that focuses on how fairness operates in collective contexts. The majority of the studies in the organizational justice literature examine how individuals form and react to fairness perceptions. For example, studies explore how individuals judge the fairness of decision outcomes, decision-making procedures
This article in the field of health psychology delves into the intricate relationship between binge eating and impulse control. The introduction provides a nuanced definition of binge eating and outlines its prevalence, emphasizing the consequential impact on physical health, mental well-being, and societal dynamics. The first section elucidates the diagnostic criteria of binge eating disorder
Cross-cultural training, also referred to as multicultural counseling competence training, denotes the process of instructing psychologists-in-training to work effectively across cultures in their practice and research activities. The term cross-cultural (or multicultural) has been defined in the counseling psychology literature in two distinct ways. One definition of cross-cultural is broad and inclusive of a wide
A work meeting is a gathering of employees for a purpose related to the functioning of an organization or a group (e.g., to direct, to inform, to govern, to regulate). The gathering can occur in a single modality (e.g., a videoconference) or in a mixed-modality format (mostly face-to-face with one participant connected by telephone). A
This article explores the intricate relationship between mindfulness and binge eating recovery within the domain of health psychology. The introduction delineates the concepts of mindfulness and binge eating disorder, emphasizing the salience of their intersection in fostering holistic well-being. The theoretical framework section elucidates mindfulness-based interventions, delving into their mechanisms of action and neurobiological underpinnings.
Cultural accommodation refers to the process by which individuals may take on values and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere, while maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere. Cultural negotiation refers to the process whereby individuals must navigate two or more cultures that have values, beliefs, and behaviors
The term negotiation conjures up a variety of images in people’s minds, most notably deal making and dispute resolution. Indeed, individuals negotiate job assignments, supplier contracts, joint ventures, and the resolution of conflict in the workplace. Whether applied to crafting deals or resolving disputes, negotiation refers to a joint decision-making process in which two or
This article delves into the nuanced manifestation of binge eating across various age groups, elucidating distinctive patterns and addressing age-specific considerations. Commencing with an exploration of binge eating in children and adolescents, the discussion encompasses prevalence rates, developmental impacts on physical and emotional well-being, and targeted intervention strategies tailored to this age cohort. Shifting focus
Cultural encapsulation is the lack of understanding, or ignorance, of another’s cultural background and the influence this background has on one’s current view of the world. The purpose of this encapsulation, or “cocoon,” is to allow people to protect themselves from the rapid global changes occurring in technology, families, economy, education, and social health. Cultural
Confirmation Bias Definition Confirmation bias refers to processing information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with one’s existing beliefs. This biased approach to decision making is largely unintentional and often results in ignoring inconsistent information. Existing beliefs can include one’s expectations in a given situation and predictions about a particular outcome. People
This article delves into the intricate relationship between stress and binge eating within the realm of health psychology. The introduction provides a comprehensive overview of stress and binge eating, elucidating the connection between these two phenomena. The body of the article is divided into three parts, examining physiological mechanisms, psychological factors, and behavioral aspects that
It is not uncommon for assessment tools to obtain unintended and unwanted sources of variance—or cultural bias—that lead to test results that are not easy to accurately interpret across cultures. Cultural equivalencies reflect a body of research methods that can be used to minimize cultural bias and measurement error in the development and/or adaptation of
Consciousness Definition Consciousness refers to the subjective experience of oneself and one’s environment. This experience includes the awareness of one’s feelings and emotions and the awareness of, and perceived control over, one’s thoughts and behaviors. Conscious processes stand in contrast to subconscious (or nonconscious) processes, which occur outside of awareness and without intentional control. Consciousness
This article explores the multifaceted dimensions of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) within the framework of health psychology, emphasizing its prevalence, impact on physical and mental health, and the intricate web of comorbid conditions. The introduction provides a nuanced definition of BED, distinguishing it from other eating disorders, and underscores its significance in health psychology. The
Cultural mistrust is an adaptive attitudinal stance in which a person of color is suspicious and guarded toward European Americans, particularly European American authority figures. It is adaptive in that if one accepts the contention that the current social paradigm is inherently racist, then a person of color cannot assume that a European American person
Contrast Effects Definition Most judgments in everyday life are evaluative in nature. People may want to know whether a particular grade is good or bad, whether a person is trustworthy, how well someone performed on a test, or what a person’s athletic abilities are like. Rarely can such questions be answered in absolute terms (e.g.
This article delves into the imperative task of preventing Binge Eating Disorder (BED) by examining diverse biological, psychological, and environmental risk factors. Beginning with a meticulous exploration of BED’s definition, prevalence, and consequential impacts on mental and physical health, the article underscores the vital importance of proactive prevention strategies. The subsequent sections elucidate evidence-based preventive
The concept of “cultural paranoia” was first introduced by William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs in their 1968 book Black Rage. These two Black psychiatrists explained that this condition is not a form of psychopathology, but instead is a healthy and adaptive response by African Americans to their historical and contemporary experiences of racial
Correspondence Bias Definition The term correspondence bias describes perceivers’ tendency to infer stable personality characteristics from other people’s behavior even when this behavior was caused by situational factors. For example, students may infer a high level of dispositional (trait) anxiety from a fellow student’s nervous behavior during a class presentation, even though such nervous behavior
This article on the fundamentals of biofeedback therapy explores the origins, mechanisms, and diverse applications of this self-regulation technique within the realm of health psychology. Beginning with an elucidation of biofeedback therapy and its historical development, the article navigates through the intricacies of the mechanisms involved, detailing the physiological parameters monitored and the instrumentation employed.
Cultural relativism maintains the view that all cultures are equal in value and therefore should not be judged on the basis of another cultural perspective. The cultural values and beliefs connected to religious, ethical, normative behaviors, customs, and political tenets are specific to the individuals within a given human society. Culture is considered to be
Counterfactual Thinking Definition Counterfactual thinking focus on how the past might have been, or the present could be, different. These thoughts are usually triggered by negative events that block one’s goals and desires. Counterfactual thoughts have a variety of effects on emotions, beliefs, and behavior, with regret being the most common resulting emotion. Counterfactual means
This article explores the integration of biofeedback techniques into stress reduction strategies within the field of health psychology. The introduction delineates the historical evolution and theoretical foundations of biofeedback, emphasizing its therapeutic significance in addressing the pervasive issue of chronic stress. The first body section elucidates the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying biofeedback, examining key modalities such
Culture is a pattern of responding to basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, family organization, religion, government, and social structures. Culture can be further described as discrete behaviors, traditions, habits, or customs that are shared and can be observed, as well as the sum total of ideas, beliefs, customs, knowledge, material artifacts, and values that
Creativity Definition Creativity can be defined three major ways. First, creativity can be viewed as a concrete product that satisfies two specifications: (1) originality or novelty, and (2) utility usefulness or adaptiveness. The first requirement excludes routine work that may be adaptive but habitual. The second separates creativity from the ideas of a psychotic; such
This article explores the pivotal role of biofeedback in the realm of chronic pain management within the domain of health psychology. The introduction sets the stage by defining biofeedback, elucidating chronic pain’s multifaceted nature, and emphasizing the significance of non-pharmacological approaches. The body of the article unfolds in three parts, each meticulously examining key facets.
Culture consists of implicit and explicit patterns of behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols and their embodiments in artifacts. The essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and their attached values. Culture systems may be considered as products of action and conditioning elements of further action. A. L. Kroeber
Defensive Attribution Definition Defensive attributions are explanations of behaviors that serve to defend an individual’s preferred beliefs about self, others, and the world. Defensive Attribution Background Sigmund Freud, at the beginning of the 20th century, first popularized the idea that people’s desires can bias their explanations of events. Freud proposed a variety of defense mechanisms
This article delves into the application of biofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for headache relief within the framework of health psychology. Beginning with an exploration of the various types of headaches and their psychological underpinnings, the article establishes the context for understanding the role of stress in headache manifestation. The subsequent section elucidates the principles
Culture Definition Culture can be generally defined as an interrelated set of values, tools, and practices that is shared among a group of people who possess a common social identity. More simply, culture is the sum total of our worldviews or of our ways of living. Cultural world-views affect a range of psychological processes, including
Depressive Realism Definition Depressive realism refers to the findings that depressed individuals tend to be more accurate or realistic than nondepressed persons in their judgments about themselves. Specifically, research suggests that nondepressed people are vulnerable to cognitive illusions, including unrealistic optimism, overestimation of themselves, and an exaggerated sense of their capacity to control events. This
This article explores the integration of biofeedback techniques in the management of hypertension within the realm of health psychology. The introduction establishes the foundations by defining biofeedback, offering insights into hypertension, and elucidating the rationale behind employing biofeedback in this context. The subsequent section delves into the intricacies of biofeedback techniques, explicating their principles, measurement
Culture shock is a complex set of symptoms associated with the experience of migration to or contact with a new environment and the process of adjusting to this new environment. Historically, culture shock was conceptualized as a consequence of stress caused by contact with a new culture, resulting in feelings of anxiety, sadness, and confusion
Diagnosticity Definition Diagnosticity refers to the extent to which a source of data can discriminate between a particular hypothesis and its alternatives. In social situations, individuals often observe others’ behaviors and attempt to form an impression about their personality and aptitudes. As part of this process, individuals test dispositional hypotheses, namely, hypotheses regarding others’ traits
This article explores the therapeutic potential of biofeedback in enhancing mental health. Beginning with a concise definition and elucidation of biofeedback’s underlying mechanisms, the discussion progresses to trace the historical development of this intervention. The exploration of biofeedback’s applications in mental health spans anxiety disorders, depression, and stress management, shedding light on empirical evidence supporting
Considerable changes in the population characteristics of the United States, both in numerical and in percentage terms, reflect an unprecedented demographic complexity in the history of the nation. Thirty-one percent of the total U.S. population is composed of ethnic and racial minorities. In addition, 11% of the total U.S. population is foreign born; of these
Dilution Effect Definition The dilution effect is a judgment bias in which people underutilize diagnostic information when nondiagnostic information is also present. Diagnostic information is knowledge that is useful in making a particular judgment. Nondiagnostic information is knowledge that is not relevant to the judgment being made. For example, if a medical doctor were making
This article delves into the pivotal role of biofeedback in the realm of sports psychology, offering a nuanced exploration of its historical evolution, fundamental principles, and diverse applications. Beginning with a concise introduction to biofeedback and its increasing significance in sports psychology, the article systematically examines the intricate ways in which this technique enhances athletic
Discrimination Definition Discrimination is the phenomenon of treating a person differently from other persons based on group membership and an individual’s possession of certain characteristics such as age, class, gender, race, religion, and sexuality. Discriminatory behavior can take various forms from relatively mild behavior, such as social avoidance, to acts of violence, including hate crimes
Discounting in Attribution Definition Attribution is the way in which people explain the causes of events or behaviors. At times, individuals must choose among different possible causes as explanations for a particular event or behavior. When people can see more than one reason for something happening, they discount, or minimize, the importance of each reason
This article explores the intricate relationship between biofeedback and neuroplasticity within the realm of health psychology. The introduction defines both biofeedback and neuroplasticity, emphasizing their pivotal roles in understanding and enhancing psychological well-being. The first section delves into the mechanisms of biofeedback, elucidating various types and their applications in stress management, pain control, and anxiety
To discriminate is to make distinctions or to acknowledge that differences exist. Therefore, discrimination is an act or practice of making distinctions based on perceived or actual differences. Although the word discriminate has neither a negative nor a positive connotation, the term discrimination often carries a negative undertone. Because these two terminologies do not carry
Distinctiveness, in attribution, refers to the extent to which a specific action engaged in by an individual is unusual or uncommon for that particular individual. The judgment of whether an action is high in distinctiveness, that is, uncommon for the individual who engaged in it, or low in distinctiveness, common for that individual, depends on
This article explores the efficacy of biofeedback in the treatment of anxiety disorders within the context of health psychology. The introduction provides a foundational understanding of both biofeedback and anxiety disorders, setting the stage for an in-depth examination. The first section delves into the theoretical framework, elucidating the psychophysiological basis of anxiety disorders and explicating
As a response to the shifting population demographics in the United States, issues related to diversity have received increased attention in recent years. The word diversity simply means difference, but the term is most commonly used to refer to differences among people. The ways in which individuals may differ from one another are considerable. Some
Downward Social Comparison Definition Social comparison involves thinking about one or more other people in relation to the self. Downward social comparison involves making comparisons with others who are inferior to, or less fortunate than, oneself in some way. Downward Social Comparison History and Background Leon Festinger’s theory of social comparison proposed that because people
Given the ongoing dramatic racial/ethnic diversification of the United States, the need for counselors to understand the unique cultural backgrounds of their clients presents an important challenge. A useful construct in this effort is enculturation. Construct Definition and Clarification In 1948 Melville J. Herskovits first described enculturation as the process of socialization into, and maintenance
Encoding Definition Encoding is the process by which we translate information collected from the outside world by our sensory organs into mental representations. We tend to think of our eyes, ears, and other senses as analogous to video recorders—faithfully translating the outside world into mental products inside our head. However, encoding involves construction of what
Ethnic cleansing refers to the implementation of a well-defined policy that aims to establish an ethnically homogenous group in a specific territory or society through the expulsion of an unwanted minority group in a systematic manner. Such a policy may be carried out directly through deportation, forced emigration, or violence, or it may involve the
Excuse Definition An excuse involves circumstances in which people perceive that they have made mistakes and, in response to these uncomfortable situations, will say or do things to (a) make the mistakes seem not so bad, and/or (b) lessen their linkages to the mistakes. People are motivated to make excuses to preserve their images of
The term ethnic minority is used to describe an individual who belongs to an ethnic group that is marginalized by society because of social and cultural characteristics that are different from, or devalued by, the dominant ethnic or cultural group. In the United States in 2007, Americans of European descent are considered the dominant ethnic
Expectancy Effect Definition An expectancy effect occurs when an incorrect belief held by one person, the perceiver, about another person, the target, leads the perceiver to act in such a manner as to elicit the expected behavior from the target. For example, if Mary is told that a new coworker, John, was unfriendly, she may
Ethnic pride is a positive feeling of being a member of one or more ethnic groups. As a component of ethnic identity, ethnic pride includes an appreciation and understanding of one’s culture and history. Ethnic pride does not involve being arrogant, racist, or ethnocentric. Instead, ethnic pride, or pride in general, can be considered a
Expectations Definition Expectations are personal beliefs about occurrences that may take place in the future. Expectations develop from a combination of individuals’ experiences and knowledge. For example, if one has the knowledge that a relative’s birthday is next Saturday and experience indicates that a family get-together was held each of the past 5 years on
Ethnicity refers to a social group category defined by the shared historical, national, social, political, and cultural heritage of a people. Ethnicity includes a reference to shared ancestry, language, customs, traditions, and similar physical characteristics among a group of people. In addition, ethnicity tends to be informed by the social group’s particular geographic area. For
Every year in North America at least 75,000 people are identified from police lineups and subsequently prosecuted. There are hundreds of documented cases in which mistaken eyewitness identification has led to false imprisonment. Although it is impossible to know how often eyewitnesses make mistakes, it is known that mistakes are made. For example, of approximately
The revolutionary climate of the 1960s within U.S. society challenged the existing boundaries of civil rights to include racial/ethnic minorities. Concurrently, an emergence of leading racial/ethnic minority scholars in counseling and psychology set the stage for the extensive examination of the influence of individuals’ cultural backgrounds (i.e., values, attitudes, shared history, customs, race, habits, social
False Consciousness Definition False consciousness is defined as the holding of false or inaccurate beliefs that are contrary to one’s objective social interests and that contribute to the maintenance of oppression or unjust inequality in society. According to this usage, the disadvantaged (e.g., poor people, the working class, women, and oppressed minorities) possess false consciousness
Eugenics is the attempt to deliberately improve the hereditary, genetic traits of a particular race in order to improve the race as a whole. In particular, eugenics, meaning “good birth,” describes the regulation and manipulation of reproduction to reduce the incidence of genetically derived problematic traits while increasing the incidence of ideal genetically derived traits.
False Consensus Effect Definition The false consensus effect occurs when we overestimate the number of other people (or extent to which other people) share our opinions, beliefs, and behaviors. Thus, sometimes individuals tend to believe that others are more similar to them than is actually the case. For example, if I enjoy eating chocolate ice
Eurocentrism is defined as judging the experiences of non-European-descended individuals (i.e., African Americans, Latinos/as) against a European American standard. Eurocentrism often leads to negative attitudes and beliefs about groups of people and can confirm mainstream stereotypes about non-European group members. In essence, a Eurocentric belief system assumes that European American culture (i.e., Western culture) is
False Uniqueness Bias Definition False uniqueness bias refers to the tendency for people to underestimate the proportion of peers who share their desirable attributes and behaviors and to overestimate the proportion who share their undesirable attributes. Typically, this bias has been assessed by collecting estimates that people make about the proportion of peers who have
An increasing number of women are joining the field of psychology. According to the National Science Foundation, the percentage of women receiving psychology doctoral degrees increased from approximately 15% in 1950 to 55% in 1988. In 2002, an American Psychological Association (APA) task force found nearly two thirds of all new recipients of master’s degrees
Focalism Definition Focalism (sometimes called the focusing illusion) is the tendency for people to give too much weight to one particular piece of information when making judgments and predictions. By focusing too much on one thing (the focal event or hypothesis), people tend to neglect other important considerations and end up making inaccurate judgments as
Filial piety is the cultural value and responsibility to treat one’s parents with the highest respect. Filial refers to anything related to a son or daughter, and piety refers to the virtue of being reverent and compliant. The value includes the notion of taking care of one’s parents, while showing love, respect, courtesy, and support.
Fundamental Attribution Error Definition The fundamental attribution error describes perceivers’ tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors on human behavior and to overestimate the impact of dispositional factors. For instance, people often tend to believe that aggressive behavior is caused by aggressive personality characteristics (dispositional factor) even though aggressive behavior can also be provoked
Gain-Loss Framing Definition Gain or loss framing refers to phrasing a statement that describes a choice or outcome in terms of its positive (gain) or negative (loss) features. A message’s framing does not alter its meaning. For example, the gain-framed message “One fourth of people will survive the attack” is semantically equivalent to the loss-framed
If a coin was flipped and it came up heads, would it be more likely to come up tails the next time? If a baseball player normally gets a hit 30% of the time but has no hits after three tries, is he “due” for a hit, in the sense that he is more likely
Heuristic Processing Definition Heuristic processing refers to le’s attitudes when their motivation to think about something is low (e.g., when they do not care very much about the outcome of an election) and when their ability to think carefully is constrained (e.g., when they are stressed out or pressed for time). It is a relatively
Hostile Attribution Bias Definition The hostile attribution bias (HAB) is the tendency to interpret the behavior of others, across situations, as threatening, aggressive, or both. People who exhibit the HAB think that ambiguous behavior of others is hostile and often directed toward them, while those who do not exhibit the HAB interpret the behavior in
Hostile Media Bias Definition During George W. Bush’s first presidency, conservative writers Ann Coulter and Bernard Goldberg published books accusing the U.S. mainstream media of liberal bias. Liberal writer Al Franken replied with a book that denied liberal media bias and claimed that the same news outlets had right-wing economic and editorial leanings. Contradictory media
Justice Motive Definition The justice motive is the idea that people have a basic motive for justice; that is, people have a need to believe that people get what they deserve. Research on the justice motive emphasizes the importance of justice to people as a goal unto itself. Its origins lie in a basic understanding
Just-World Hypothesis Definition The just-world hypothesis is the belief that, in general, the social environment is fair, such that people get what they deserve. The concept was developed in part to help explain observations that to preserve a belief that the world is a just place, people will sometimes devalue a victim. A just world
This article on Individualized Education Plan (IEP) in school psychology, offers a comprehensive exploration of the pivotal role of IEPs in the realm of education. Beginning with a historical and legal context, it delves into the intricacies of IEP development, emphasizing the collaborative efforts of educators, parents, and school psychologists. It elucidates the essential components
This article on Individualized Education Plan (IEP) meetings delves into the cornerstone of special education, providing an understanding of the IEP process. Beginning with its historical context and significance, the article explores the meticulous steps involved in IEP meetings, encompassing preparation, conduct, documentation, and post-meeting actions. It delves into the challenges and ethical considerations educators
The concept of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) is a foundational principle in the field of school psychology and special education, embodying the idea that students with disabilities should be educated alongside their non-disabled peers to the greatest extent possible. This article explores LRE’s historical context, legal foundations, principles for determining placement, and the challenges
This article on mainstreaming in school psychology is an in-depth exploration of the practice of mainstreaming, a pivotal approach aimed at the inclusion of students with disabilities in regular educational settings. The article provides a comprehensive overview, delving into the historical context and the legal framework underpinning mainstreaming. It discusses the various inclusion models and
This article provides a comprehensive examination of Manifestation Determination within the realm of school psychology. It delves into the significance of this process, rooted in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by elucidating its fundamental components and procedures. Particular attention is given to the multifaceted roles of various stakeholders, the data-driven decision-making process, and
Multidisciplinary teams in the realm of school psychology are a vital component of providing comprehensive support and education for diverse student populations. This article delves into the formation and composition of these teams, highlighting the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the roles of various professionals involved. It explores the multifaceted role of these teams, from
Resource Rooms in the realm of school psychology serve as essential spaces dedicated to supporting students with diverse learning needs. This article offers a comprehensive examination of Resource Rooms, beginning with their historical evolution and fundamental objectives. It delves into the various models and approaches used within these spaces, highlighting their roles in inclusive education.
Aggression in schools is a complex and pervasive issue that demands systematic exploration. This article delves into the multifaceted phenomenon of aggression within educational settings. It begins with an introduction highlighting the significance of the topic and outlines the article’s structure. The subsequent sections discuss various forms of aggression, the role of developmental factors, consequences
Locus of Control Definition Who determines one’s fate? Is it the person or outside forces beyond the person’s control? This question lies at the root of the concept of locus of control. People who believe they are in control of their destinies have an internal locus of control (internals). Those who believe that luck and
This article on bullying and victimization in school psychology explores the multifaceted phenomenon of bullying and victimization within educational settings. This examination encompasses the various types of bullying, their psychological and emotional impact on victims, potential risk factors, and the vital role of prevention and intervention strategies. By addressing the complexities of bystander dynamics, the
Locus of control refers to an individual’s overall beliefs regarding whom or what is in control over events that occur in his or her life. People may attribute their chances of success and failure to either external or internal causes. Development of locus of control likely stems from a combination of family background, culture, and
Cheating, a multifaceted phenomenon with psychological underpinnings, is pervasive in both academic and non-academic contexts, bearing significant consequences for individuals and institutions. Part I delves into the psychology of cheating, examining cognitive, emotional, and socio-cultural factors influencing cheating behavior. In Part II, the article explores the methods of detecting cheating and its far-reaching consequences, from
Historically, the term machismo is a derivative of the Spanish word macho. Although the term machismo is Mexican in origin, the construct of machismo is an international phenomenon. Macho is a term that describes a male animal or specific types of tools related to husbandry. The term was translated by European Americans to describe a
School dropouts are a multifaceted issue with profound societal implications. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of school dropouts, starting with a definition and overview of the problem’s significance. It delves into the intricate web of individual, family, and school factors contributing to dropouts, exploring socio-economic disparities, academic struggles, and psychological influences.
The multicultural personality refers to a constellation of traits, attitudes, and behaviors that predispose individuals to adapt successfully to culturally diverse environments. The conceptual roots of the multicultural personality can be traced to work in clinical psychology and counseling psychology in the United States and personnel psychology in the Netherlands. Manuel Ramirez, working in the
The phenomenon of gangs is a complex and multifaceted issue that has significant implications for both individuals and society as a whole. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of gangs, offering a definition, historical context, and an examination of the psychological factors influencing gang membership. It discusses the psychosocial development of gang members and the
Marianismo is a term first proposed in the literature in the 1970s as a way to describe a set of values and norms associated with being a woman in Latin American culture. It was initially conceptualized as a response to the term machismo, suggesting that marianismo occurs in the context of machismo. Marianismo generally refers
This article on harassment provides a comprehensive examination of this pervasive societal issue, encompassing various forms, causes, psychological ramifications, and coping mechanisms. The article explores the subtypes of harassment, such as sexual harassment, bullying, and cyberbullying, offering insight into their characteristics and prevalence. It delves into the multifaceted causes of harassment, encompassing individual, social, and
Optimism refers to a hopeful disposition or a general belief that good things will happen, whereas pessimism describes a general expectation that bad things will happen. These constructs have been conceptualized as dispositional traits, as well as cognitive styles, and have been examined in relation to various outcomes. Generally, research indicates that optimism tends to
School refusal, a complex and often misunderstood psychological phenomenon, is characterized by a child’s persistent avoidance of attending school due to emotional distress. This article explores the multifaceted nature of school refusal, delving into the individual, family, and school-related factors that contribute to this issue. It highlights the significance of early identification and assessment, emphasizing