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Constructivism refers to the philosophical perspective that human beings actively participate in creating their psychological selves and social worlds. Translated...

Critical rationalism is, first of all, the solution proposed by Karl Popper to the epistemological problem of the growth of...

The phrase “critical theory” was first promoted by the German philosopher and sociologist, Max Horkheimer, in a 1937 essay, “Critical...

Cultivation theory, developed by George Gerbner and his colleagues, proposes that television viewing makes an independent contribution to audience members’...

Cultural studies is a recent, innovative, and interdisciplinary project that has had a significant presence in the field of communication...

Since at least the nineteenth century, culture has been one of the most difficult, richly connotative concepts to define. While...

Political scientists study the structure and theory of gov­ernment, usually as part of an academic faculty. They are constantly seeking...

Political columnists write opinion pieces about politics and government for publication in newspapers and magazines. Some columnists work for syndicates,...

Police officers perform many duties relating to public safety. Their responsibilities include not only preserving the peace, preventing criminal acts,...

Podiatrists, or doctors of podiatric medicine, are special-treating disorders and diseases of the foot and lower leg. The most common...

Plumbers and pipefitters assemble, install, alter, and repair pipes and pipe systems that carry water, steam, air, or other liquids...

Plastics engineers engage in the manufacture, fabrication, and end use of existing materials, as well as in the devel­opment of...

Plasterers apply coats of plaster to interior walls, ceilings, and partitions of buildings to produce fire-resistant and relatively soundproof surfaces....

Pilots perform many different kinds of flying jobs. In general, pilots operate an aircraft for the transportation of passengers, freight,...

Physics is a science dealing with the interaction of matter and energy. Physicists study the behavior and structure of matter,...

Physician assistants (PAs) practice medicine under the supervision of licensed doctors of medicine or osteopa­thy, providing various health care services...

The primate order is composed of a group of species that differs very little in its morphological structure but varies...

Brazil is a republic of the South American continent, a major industrial country, producing aircraft, armaments, automobiles, nuclear power, and...

Henri (known as Abbé) Breuil began his lifetime study of prehistory when, toward the end of the 19th century, this...

Anthropologists have long recognized that marriage exists cross-culturally. Even though all human groups across the globe practice some type of...

An eminent anthropologist of Inuit society, Jean L. Briggs (1929-) has been at the forefront of change and innovation in...

The great Italian philosopher Giordano Filippo Bruno (1548-1600) was born in Nola, in the Campania. As a young scholar, he...

Martin Buber, a German-born Jewish philosopher and Zionist, made meaningful contributions to the fields of existential philosophy and philosophical anthropology...

The founder of Buddhism is Gautama Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born as a royal prince in 624 BC in a...

Fr. Eugene Buechel S.J. was a German Jesuit who labored as a missionary among the Lakota (Sioux) of the Pine...

Ruth Bunzel was born in New York City into an intellectual Jewish family. She graduated as a history major from...

Heterogeneity in hospital costs has often been used to convince citizens and policy makers of the extent of inefficiency in...

The existence of duplicate private health insurance (DPHI), which is observed in many countries with a National Health Service (NHS),...

Dual practice among doctors, which the literature often refers to as dual (or multiple) job-holding among health workers, is a...

In most countries, private health care insurance is provided by managed care organizations (MCOs). They appeared in the late 1990s...

In many countries, residents choose a health plan or sickness fund through which to receive health insurance benefits. These choices...

Risk classification refers to the use of observable characteristics, such as gender, race, age, and behavior, to price or structure...

Since the 1990s an increasing number of European countries permit periodic consumer choice of insurer in their social health insurance...

Use of the English term “Hinduism” (and its equivalents in various European languages) to designate certain aspects of the cultural...

The birth of Islam coincided with radical change in the anthropological and sociocultural situation of Arab populations which, in about...

Judaism is one of the world’s oldest religions, characterized by a belief in one God (monotheism), a belief that the...

The French Constitution defines France as a “République laïque’ a lay republic, and the French generally consider laicism to be...

Rodney Stark and Laurence Iannaccone (1997) noted that, despite their millions of members, until recently Jehovah’s Witnesses failed to attract...

Magic is complex and difficult to define. Generally, it refers to ritual activity – usually without institutional supports – the...

If we use Durkheim’s classic division of suicides into egoistic, altruistic, and anomic (Le Suicide, 1897), martyrdom is an altruistic...

The term millenarianism, and its alternatives millennialism and chiliasm, are derived from the last book of the Christian Bible, Apocalypse...

A myth is a story that has a parallel structure linking the past to the present and suggesting directions for...

The term new religious movements has been employed to refer to a number of distinguish able but overlapping phenomena, not...

This article explores Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) within the context of the U.S. criminal justice process. Commencing with an...

This article delves into the intricate landscape of international witness protection programs within the United States’ criminal justice system, scrutinizing...

This article delves into the future challenges confronting international criminal justice, with a focus on the United States. Beginning with...

Stigma has been studied in multiple disciplines (e.g., psychology, sociology, anthropology, and criminology) and conceptualized in various ways. In general,...