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There are long-standing racial disparities in the sanctions imposed on drug offenders in the United States. However, the policies and...

Education and crime have had a causal link to each other for as long as criminal behavior has been recorded....

Gender has become one of the most reliable predictors of crime, especially violent crime. Governmental, crime victim, public, private, and...

Homelessness and crime in the United States have intertwined since at least the 17th century, when Elizabethan era poor laws...

Crime is often concentrated in geographic locales such as neighborhoods. Crime rates in neighborhoods tend to be consistent over time,...

Growing economic inequality in the United States has profound implications for understanding crime, criminal justice processing, and trends in mass...

The School Crime Victimization Survey, which is a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), estimates the number of...

Although there is not one commonly accepted definition for school climate in high schools, the vast majority of researchers and...

Over the past several years, the subjects of bullying and school crime have drawn much attention in the United States,...

Save the Children is a nonprofit organization that works to ensure lasting, positive changes in the lives of children. The...

In 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed the issue of school-based strip searches, determining that a strip search for ibuprofen...

At the forefront of the safe schools movement is GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network), a national organization founded...

On September 23, 2008, 22-year-old culinary arts student Matti Saari stormed into Seinajoki University of Applied Sciences in Kauhajoki, Finland,...

Crime and violence in rural schools and communities are widespread, yet occur in relatively minimal amounts in comparison to crime...

On October 2, 2006, Charles Carl Roberts IV killed five Amish girls and himself in an Amish school in Lancaster...

Restorative justice, while a relatively recent, and still somewhat marginal, component of modern criminal justice systems, has long been part...

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The term “online research” refers to two different concepts which are often confused: (1) applying online methods in social research,...

Operationalization is the process of translating abstract things into concrete, measurable variables. It is one of those things that is...

A people-meter is an electronic device that records when media are being used and who is using them. It is...

Psychophysiology is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. For example, where psychologists are interested in why we like...

The term “public opinion polling” generally refers collectively to both the representative survey method and to the institutes that specialize...

Qualitative methodology includes a variety and diversity of methods, procedures, and research designs. All kinds of qualitative methods have in...

The results of polls tell us how many people intend to vote for a certain political party, watch TV more...

A rating, as the term is most often used in media industries, is an estimate of the size and demographic...

Readership research employs empirical methods to investigate print media usage, focusing mainly on magazines and newspapers that appear periodically. Of...

Real-time rating (RTR) methods – also called “real-time response” or “continuous response measurement” (CRM) – collect judgments or evaluation data...

In a world of finite resources, growing populations, expanding democracy among weak nations, and expanding opportunities for communication across geographic...

Social marketing is a tool or framework that “relies on multiple scientific disciplines to create programs designed to influence human...

In all societies, social critics challenge unequal distributions of wealth, power, and privilege, effects of social policy, and cultural change...

Social networks are the interpersonal relationships people have with friends, family, colleagues, acquaintances, and others they may come into contact...

What people choose to do, the behaviors they enact or refrain from enacting, is guided by a number of factors,...

Tailored messages are formal individual messages in which the content and/or style of the materials have been created based on...

Uncertainty has been an important concept in communication theory for many decades. Understanding how people respond to uncertainty in developing...

Communication theory is heir to classic issues in the history of ideas. If philosophy has traditionally asked how human knowledge...

Modern research methods for communication and social change reflect a tension between collecting data at the individual level while making...

In the context of communication studies, aesthetic theory may be defined as the attempt to understand people’s enjoyment of certain...

Production assistants perform a variety of tasks for film, television, and video producers and other staff members. They must be...

Process servers are licensed by the courts to serve legal papers, such as summonses, subpoenas, and court orders, to the...

Press secretaries, political consultants, and other media relations professionals help politicians promote them­selves and their issues among voters. They advise...

Preschool teachers promote the general education of chil­dren under the age of five. They help students develop physically, socially, and...