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Organizational roles are abstract maps summarizing the most salient features of the daily activities of organizational members. Katz & Kahn...

During the past 40-odd years, James E. Grunig’s situational theory of communication behavior has been developed, changed, empirically tested, and...

Rhetorical theory can help public relations to account for the symbolic aspects of communication, which arguably are the heart of...

Audience research is a broad term that, in principle, denotes the systematic study of any audience for any purpose. In...

While the term “case study” (or “case method”) is widespread in social methodology and media research, it is nevertheless a...

Cluster analysis is a collective term for a broad variety of statistical methods and procedures which share the purpose of...

For the purposes of this article, licensing of journalists is understood to mean a system whereby individuals are required to...

Media policy involves policymaking – and the associated policy research – directed at a wide range of substantive issues and...

Open meetings law is predicated on the belief that government derives its power from the people in order to act...

Governments, by the nature of their functions and purposes, communicate with people inside and outside of their jurisdictions. This process...

Governments prevent information from being made public through restraints on speech called “gag orders.” Government executive orders and court injunctions...

The European Union (EU) is a unique supranational entity that has adopted an innovative approach to the challenges posed by...

Virtually since the dawn of civilization and the establishment of authority-wielding institutions, what people can say and write has been...

During the latter half of the twentieth century, the world’s established democratic nations – along with those nations seeking to...

There are at least two salient questions when thinking about foreign policy and the media. The first is whether foreign...

Fair trial and freedom of the press concerns how to balance the right of a free press and the defendant’s...

Rubber goods production workers make items out of natural and synthetic rubber materials. They soften, shape, cure, cut, mold, and...

Roustabouts do the routine physical labor and maintenance around oil wells, pipelines, and natural gas facilities. Sample tasks include clearing...

Roofers install and repair roofs of buildings using a variety of materials and methods, including built-up roofing, single-ply roofing systems,...

Roman Catholic priests serve as either diocesan priests (sometimes called secular priests), leading individual parishes within a certain diocese, or...

Risk managers help businesses control risks and losses while maintaining the highest production levels possible. They work in industrial, service,...

Financial planners help people invest for the future. Retirement planners are financial planners who specialize in the financial needs and...

Retail sales workers assist customers with purchases by identifying their needs, showing or demonstrating merchandise, receiving payment, recording sales, and...

Restaurant and food service managers are responsible for the overall operation of businesses that serve food. Food service work includes...

Resort workers assist the public at spas, luxury hotels, casinos, theme parks, and lodges. Employment opportunities range from entry-level housekeepers...

Reservation and ticket agents are employed by airlines, bus companies, railroads, and cruise lines to help customers in several ways....

From a strict anthropological point of view, informed by the recent self-critical turn of the research, it is a debatable...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of devices or mechanisms and machinery to perform functions usually associated with human intelligence,...

The Asante (or Ashanti) are a Ghanaian people numbering about 1.5 million (about 15% of the population of Ghana) and...

Assimilation refers to that result of culture change whereby the members of one society modify their behavior and values to...

Atapuerca is a World Heritage Site located in Burgos province, Spain. The construction of a railroad at the end of...

It is theorized the Athabascan were the last Native American group to cross Beringia 10,000 years ago. Their territory (after...

Jean Marie Auel, born on February 18, 1936, in Chicago, Illinois, is the author of the series, Earth’s Children, a...

The Aurignacian is an early Upper Paleolithic, or Late Stone Age, culture dating to between 34,000 and 27,000 years before...

The Commonwealth of Australia is a country, a continent, and an island. It lies completely in the southern hemisphere, southeast...

Baluchistan means “land of the Baluch.” It is found where Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan meet, spreading over southeastern Iran, southwestern...

The best known ‘facts’ about the macroeconomics of health are that rich nations are healthier and spend more on medical...

The notion of traveling abroad for the purposes of health and well-being is well established. The spas of Hungary, baths...

Pharmaceuticals used to treat a variety of health conditions continue to be a critical aspect of quality healthcare. However, consistent...

Health status improvements over the past 400 years have been steady, with a surge over the last century that is...

This article covers a number of measurement issues which arise in Health Economics. The first of these arises when economists...

Empirical health economists are likely to encounter questions regarding health and health behaviors that involve dynamics. What does one mean...

This article reviews econometric techniques and studies aimed at characterizing the market structure in the health sector. It focuses on...

This article presents inference for many commonly used estimators – least squares, generalized linear models, generalized method of moments (GMM),...

The sociology of race is the study of race and race relations. It has long been a central concern of...

Race and ethnicity are important factors in friendship formation. People tend to form friendships with others who live near them...

Absenteeism is failing to report for scheduled work. As such, it is the violation of a social obligation to be...

Branding and organizational identity refer to a process through which a pattern or a structure is ascribed to a group...