Television as Popular Culture
“Television” refers to “seeing from afar.” It describes a physical device, a cultural system, and a labor process that brings...
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Tourism and Popular Culture
Tourism is now the largest industry in the world, and as such, it has increasingly become of interest to scholars...
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Video Games
A game is a voluntary activity with rules and some sought-after outcome. A video game is a game played on...
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Youth Culture
As the social historian Philippe Aries reminds us (1962), “childhood” and “youth” are socially constructed conceptions of age and not...
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Consensus-Oriented Public Relations
Consensus-oriented public relations (COPR) is a concept for planning and evaluating public relations (PR). Especially in situations with a high...
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Communication and Law
The phrase “communication and law” is used in this article to refer broadly to the general field of speech and...
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Communication Law and Policy in The Middle East
22 countries belong to the Arab League, established in 1945. Most of those countries were ruled by the Ottomans, British,...
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Communication Law and Policy in North America
North America consists of 23 countries, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean Island nations, and Central America. The...
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Communication Law and Policy in South America
South America comprises 13 countries with a vast array of cultural backgrounds. Its cultural diversity stems from Spanish, French, Dutch,...
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Conflicts of Law
The term “conflicts of law” refers to the procedures courts use to determine the appropriate law and place to settle...
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Cross-Ownership
Cross-ownership of media occurs when a person or company owns outlets in more than one medium in the same geographical...
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Communication Law and Policy in Europe
The first newspapers were published in Europe in 1605: Nieuwe Tijdinghen in Antwerp and Relation in Strasbourg, both published as...
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Communication Law and Policy in Asia
Communication law and policy in Asia covers a spectrum of issues involving widely varying political, cultural, and legal contexts across...
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Special Procedures Technologist Career
Special procedures technologists operate medical diagnostic imaging equipment such as computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and...
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Special Effects Technician Career
Special effects technicians work to make the illusions in movies, theater, and television seem real. When a director wants us...
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Special Education Teacher Career
Special education teachers teach students ages 3 to 21 who have a variety of disabilities. They design individualized education plans...
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Spa Attendant Career
Spa attendants work in hotels, resorts, and salons. They are specially trained in facial, body, and water treatments. They assist...
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Songwriter Career
Songwriters write the words and music for songs, including songs for recordings, advertising jingles, and theatrical performances. We hear the...
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Soil Conservationist and Technician Career
Soil conservationists develop conservation plans to help farmers and ranchers, developers, homeowners, and government officials best use their land while...
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Sociologist Career
Sociologists study the behavior and interaction of people in groups. They research the characteristics of families, communities, the workplace, religious...
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Social Worker Career
Social workers help people and assist communities in solving problems. These problems include poverty, racism, discrimination, physical and mental illness,...
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Ski Resort Worker Career
Ski resorts offer many different types of employment opportunities. Qualified ski resort workers are needed to supervise the activities on...
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Singer Career
Professional singers perform opera, gospel, blues, rock, jazz, folk, classical, country, and other musical genres before an audience or in...
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Fossil Apes
Apes and humans, commonly referred to as hominoids, are a closely related group of primates classified together in their own...
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Greater Apes
Current nomenclature divides the apes into two distinct families: the greater apes and the lesser apes. Historically, apes were classified...
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Lesser Apes
Apes, in the past, have been classified as a single group of primates. The current nomenclature divides apes into two...
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Apollonian
Apollonian refers to something or someone presenting the main characteristics of Apollo. Apollo was one of the gods of the...
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Aquatic Ape Hypothesis
In 1960, Sir Alister Hardy, a marine biologist knighted for his contribution to the fisheries industry, gave a talk at...
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Thomas Aquinas
Italian Dominican priest, philosopher, and theologian (Angelic Doctor of the Church), Thomas Aquinas was noted for systemizing theology by infusing...
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Arboreal Hypothesis
Researchers in biology have often directed their efforts toward elucidating the origins of major phyla or classification groups. While we...
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Archaeology
Archaeology Definition Archaeology is the study of human cultures through the study of material and environmental remains. The word, derived...
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Archaeology and Gender Studies
Deconstructing Gender and Sex Issues of gender presence and interrelations for the past have increasingly been focused upon in the...
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Biblical Archaeology
Biblical or Near Eastern archaeology reconstructs the histories and societies of the Near East from human ancestors’ first migrations out...
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Disability-Adjusted Life Years – Health Economics – iResearchNet
The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a summary measure of population health that accounts for both mortality and nonfatal health...
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Incorporation of Concerns for Fairness in Economic Evaluation – iResearchNet
This article is a review of methods for incorporating concerns for fairness or equity in economic evaluation of health care...
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Measurement Properties of Valuation Techniques – iResearchNet
In medical decision analysis and economic evaluation of health care, states of illness or disability (hereafter called ‘health states’) are...
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Multiattribute Utility Instruments and Their Use – iResearchNet
A multiattribute utility (MAU) instrument consists of two parts: (1) a health questionnaire, and (2) a scoring formula which converts...
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Condition-Specific Multiattribute Utility Instruments – iResearchNet
A multiattribute utility (MAU) instrument consists of (1) a health questionnaire that establishes a health profile and (2) a scoring...
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Quality-Adjusted Life-Years – Health Economics – iResearchNet
The quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is a unit of measurement for valuing health outcomes. The background for it is illustrated in...
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Time Preference and Discounting – Health Economics – iResearchNet
Decision making is a fact of life, both for individuals and for policy makers acting on behalf of society. All...
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Utilities for Health States – Health Economics – iResearchNet
For use in cost-utility or cost-effectiveness analysis (CUA or CEA), evaluations of health outcomes in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)...
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Techniques for Valuing Health States – Health Economics – iResearchNet
Cost-effectiveness analyses of health interventions and policies are often conducted using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) as the metric for quantifying health...
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Willingness to Pay for Health – Health Economics – iResearchNet
The ‘willingness to pay’ (WTP) method was first applied in the health area in the famous study of WTP to...
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Nobel Prizes and the Scientific Elite
The scientific elite and the elite basis of scientific knowledge is trace able to the Greeks. Plato treated knowledge as...
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Political Economy of Science
Science has never been at the forefront of political economy and usually only appears as an ”exogenous shock,” or is...
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Science and Culture
Philosophers of the European Enlightenment defined science in opposition to culture or humanistic knowledge. Science was truth based on verifiable...
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Science and Public Participation
Thomas Jefferson, quoted in Fischer’s Citizens, Experts, and the Environment (2001), said that wherever the people are well informed, they...
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