Popular Music
Music in various functions plays an increasingly important role both as an indicator of and as a medium for changes...
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Popular Mythology
Myth comes from the Greek word mythos meaning “speech” or “story.” Contrary to popular parlance that says a myth is...
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Reality TV
Reality TV became an increasingly prevalent global entertainment genre in the 1990s and early 2000s. The popularity of reality shows...
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Reification
“Popular communication” can be characterized by the various ways in which the general public engages popular forms of communication including...
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Religion and Popular Communication
“Communication” derives from the Latin term communicare meaning to share or impart and to make common. “Popular communication” refers to...
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Rituals In Popular Communication
Rituals and ritualization can be found in all aspects of contemporary social life: religion, education, politics, popular culture, work life,...
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Communication as an Academic Field in East Asia
The community of East Asian communication researchers has been growing rapidly in recent years, which shows that communication studies in...
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Communication as an Academic Field in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Hong Kong
The communication discipline in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Hong Kong is strong and diverse. Although regional research clearly emerged...
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Communication as an Academic Field in Africa
Present-day communication education in Africa has not been able to build on a rich tradition of a longstanding university system....
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Applied Communication Research
Applied communication research refers to a type of communication scholarship as well as to a sub-field of communication with which...
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International Communication Association (ICA)
The International Communication Association (ICA) began more than 50 years ago as a small association of US researchers and is...
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International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR)
The International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR) is an international professional organization in the field of media and...
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Communication Research and Politics
Communication research is intimately related to politics, especially if politics is understood widely as the deliberate management of society. Research...
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Communication Professions and Academic Research
Despite a common interest in communicative activity, mass communication professionals and communication scholars have long been at odds with each...
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History of Speech Communication
The field of speech emerged out of changing teaching practices in US higher education in the early twentieth century. Between...
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Media and Perceptions of Reality
Perceptions of reality, or social reality, can be conceptualized as an individual’s conception of the world (Hawkins & Pingree 1982)....
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Sportswriter Career
Sportswriters cover the news in sports for newspapers and magazines. They research original ideas or follow up on breaking stories,...
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Sports Trainer Career
Sports trainers, also referred to as athletic trainers, certified sports medicine trainers, and certified sports medicine therapists, help amateur and...
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Sports Scout Career
Sports scouts observe athletic contests to gather information that will help the team that employs them. They may attend a...
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Sports Publicist Career
There are two types of sports publicists: those who work for professional and amateur teams and those who work for...
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Sports Physician Career
Sports physicians, also known as team physicians, treat patients who have sustained injuries to their musculoskeletal systems during the play...
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Sports Photographer Career
Sports photographers are specialists hired to shoot pictures of sporting events and athletes. They work for newspapers, magazines, and photo...
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Sports Instructor and Coach Career
Sports instructors demonstrate and explain the skills and rules of particular sports, like golf or tennis, to individuals or groups....
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Sports Agent Career
Sports agents act as representatives for professional athletes in many different types of negotiations, providing advice and representation concerning contracts,...
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Sporting Goods Production Worker Career
Sporting goods production workers are involved in manufacturing, assembling, and finishing sporting goods equipment such as golf clubs, fishing tackle,...
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Speech-Language Pathologist and Audiologist Career
Speech-language pathologists and audiologists help people who have speech and hearing defects. They identify the problem and use tests to...
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Social Anthropology
While anthropologists in the United States developed cultural anthropology, the British developed social anthropology. In the present, despite the fact...
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Visual Anthropology
The Need for Visual Anthropology Since the advent of modern photographic technology (still and moving), the use of visual methods...
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Subdivisions of Anthropology
Anthropology may be best viewed as the comparative scientific study of human societies and cultures throughout the world and throughout...
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Theory in Anthropology
As the science of humankind, anthropology strives to give a comprehensive and coherent view of our own species within material...
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Anthropometry
Anthropometry is the measurement of the size and proportions of the human body. Anthropometric measurements include those of the whole...
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Anthropomorphism
The term is composed of two words of Greek origin: anthropos (man) and morphe (form, aspect). It defines the attribution...
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Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Unlike nearby Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand is not a multicultural society, but rather, according to local terminology, a bicultural society. The...
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Ape Biogeography
Evolutionary biogeography addresses the historical relationship between geographic space and the processes of biological differentiation, such as speciation and adaptation....
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Ape Сognition
Biological anthropologists use the comparative perspective in their efforts to reconstruct human evolutionary history. As our closest living relatives, primates...
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Ape Language
Language is a collection of symbols that represents objects, actions, and thoughts. It is representational, allowing for the transmission and...
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Fertility and Population in Developing Countries – iResearchNet
In the mid-twentieth century, many developing countries experienced a ‘demographic transition’: a transition from a society in which women had...
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Health Labor Markets in Developing Countries – iResearchNet
Health workers are at the center of health systems, and the health workforce plays a key role in increasing access...
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Health Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries – iResearchNet
A total of 7.6 million children and 287 000 mothers (2010 data) die every year, and approximately 95% of these...
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Economics of HIV/AIDS Transmission, Treatment, and Prevention – iResearchNet
At the end of 2011, according to Joint United Nations Program on Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (UNAIDS),...
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Internal Geographical Imbalances – Health Economics – iResearchNet
This article discusses internal imbalances of health care in low-and middle-income countries. Throughout this article, ‘internal’ refers to within country,...
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Nutrition, Health, and Economic Performance – iResearchNet
Health and nutrition outcomes are critical to the well-being of households and individuals and their economic productivity and prosperity. Although...
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Pay-for-Performance Incentives in Health Programs – iResearchNet
Poor performance of health care providers plagues the delivery of health services in many low- and middle-income countries. The underlying...
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Pricing and User Fees – Health Economics – iResearchNet
Governments throughout the world intervene in the health sector. One motivation is that under Article 25 of the Universal Declaration...
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Water Supply and Sanitation – Health Economics – iResearchNet
Water supply and sanitation are at their core a public health issue. Every year, 2.2 million people die from diarrheal...
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Cost–Value Analysis – Health Economics – iResearchNet
Cost–value analysis (CVA) is a type of formal economic evaluation that can be used to inform decision makers in a...
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Big Science
Although Big Science is a rather nebulous term, most commentators have used it to describe an array of perceived changes...
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Citations and Scientific Indexing
A classic analytical distinction between a citation and a reference reads: ”if paper R contains a bibliographic footnote using and...
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Commercialization of Science
Neither science based industry nor university involvement in commercially relevant science is a new phenomenon. In certain sectors, US firms...
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Ethnographic Studies of Science
Ethnographic studies of science have their origins in the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies (STS) that emerged out...
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