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A fan is someone who is more than an ordinary, occasional television viewer, book reader, Internet user, music listener, or...

Fashion, as extension of a human being beyond the corporeal body, is also a method of demarcating sameness and difference....

Fetishization refers to a process of imbuing an object or idea with power. A fetish object is often associated with...

Within the discipline of communication there has been a long history of studying the relationship between girls, media, and other...

Communication created and shared through the Internet has proliferated since the mid-1990s, with more people adapting to the web’s creative...

Media ecology is a multidisciplinary field that studies the evolution, effects, and forms of environments. Media ecology is most often...

Organizations communicate core messages (position themselves) to different types of audiences (target groups) that they select out of a list...

The South Asian region comprises Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Given the relatively undeveloped nature...

The institutionalization of communication as an academic field in Israel began with the establishment of the Communication Institute of the...

The history of communication as an academic field of study in the Arab world goes back to 1939 when the...

There is general agreement that the communication discipline, as we know it today, began in the USA. There is, however,...

Communication as an academic field of research in Western Europe scarcely predates World War II and, with minor exceptions, did...

The international history of communication and media studies has yet to be written. To this point, most histories have been...

Communication and media studies matured into an integrated discipline in the years following 1968. Research and education became centralized in...

In Latin America communication studies started during the late 1960s, and were characterized by two very different conceptions. On the...

Media communication, mass communication, political communication, and other aspects of social communication represent a dynamic academic field in contemporary central...

Surgical technologists, also called surgical technicians or operating room technicians, are members of the surgical team who work in the...

Stunt performers, also called stuntmen and stuntwomen, are actors who perform dangerous scenes in motion pictures. They may fall off...

Surgeons are physicians who make diagnoses and provide preoperative, operative, and postoperative care in surgery affecting almost any part of...

Stock clerks receive, unpack, store, distribute, and record the inventory for materials or products used by a company, plant, or...

Stevedores, commonly known as longshore workers or dockworkers, handle cargo at ports, often using materials- handling machinery and gear. They...

Stenographers take dictation using either shorthand notation or a stenotype machine, then later transcribe their notes into business documents. They...

Steel industry workers melt, mold, and form iron ore and other materials to make the iron and steel used in...

Stationary engineers operate and maintain boilers, engines, air compressors, generators, and other equipment used in providing utilities such as heat,...

Stage production workers handle the behind-the-scenes tasks that are necessary for putting on theatrical performances. Their responsibilities include costume and...

Stadium ushers take tickets, escort spectators to their seats, and provide spectators with information and direction upon request. Stadium vendors...

In all their professional endeavors, anthropologists study human experience and behavior within a cultural context, which means that they can...

The term anthropocentrism indicates a point of view that accords to the human being (anthropos in Greek) the central place,...

Anthropology is the study of people, society, and culture through all time and everywhere around the world. Three of its...

The defining characteristic of clinically applied anthropology is that it is anthropology practiced in health care settings: hospitals, clinics, health...

Cultural Anthropology Definition Cultural anthropology is the study of human patterns of thought and behavior, and how and why these...

Economic anthropology includes the examination of the economic relationships found among precapitalist societies (nonmarket economies); this includes band, village, and...

Anthropology, the study of humanity seen from the perspective of social and cultural diversity, was established as an academic discipline...

As Eric Wolf notes in “Anthropology,” his 1964 essay, anthropology is “the most scientific of the humanities, the most humanist...

Modern philosophical anthropology originated in the 1920s. During the 1940s it became the representative branch of German philosophy. It arose...

Practicing anthropology primarily refers to anthropological work performed outside academia to address issues in areas such as community development, agriculture,...

Introduction The way economists look at the production of health care is to examine the relationship between the inputs into...

Introduction: What Are Health Inequalities? Health inequalities are observed in all societies. Although some inequalities may be considered unavoidable, resulting...

Introduction Health economics is a relatively young sub discipline, and the measurement of inequalities in the health domain has only...

Introduction Health inequality can be defined as variations in health status across individuals within a population. To compare inequalities between...

Introduction Equity in the delivery of health care is an important policy objective in many countries, and some, such as...

Introduction Publicly funded health care systems require some form of resource allocation funding principles, usually in the form of formulae,...

In the course of development, few processes are as intertwined with economic growth as human capital accumulation. Schooling makes workers...

One of sociology’s original and most fundamental questions is: how does the city shape social life? The answer provided by...

The built environment deteriorates with the passage of time and the stresses of use and neglect. Unemployment, poverty, shortages of...

The urban revolution refers to the emergence of urban life and the concomitant transformation of human settlements from simple agrarian...

It is not an easy task to provide a definition of urban space because such a definition must consider the...