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The discipline of organizational behavior focuses on the study of organizations and the people who populate them. Generally and historically,...

Automation usually refers to the replacement of human work by machines. The word was first used by the Ford Motor...

Balanced scorecard is a management system that enables organizations to translate vision and strategy into action. This system provides feedback...

In compressed workweek schedules, the workweek is compressed into fewer than five days by increasing the number of hours an...

Downsizing, layoffs, and rightsizing are forms of organizational restructuring. Organizational restructuring refers to planned changes in organizational structure that affect...

Entrepreneurship is about starting an organization, organizing effort, and exploiting opportunities (with the phases of emergence, recognition, evaluation, and exploitation...

Flexible work schedules, also known as flextime schedules, grants employees some freedom in deciding what time of day they will...

Globalization is the most significant change taking place in today’s work environment. It connotes the economic interdependence among countries that...

The contemporary flexible, high-performance organization model is a primary alternative to the classical bureaucratic model, popularly known as Taylorism. Several...

Simply put, a learning organization is one that is skilled at learning. However, since the concept rose to prominence during...

Mergers, acquisitions, and strategic alliances have become entrenched in the repertoire of contemporary business executives. Mergers and acquisitions have the...

Change has been considered the most reliable constant within organizations. Yet, although the phenomenon has been recognized as important for...

The term organizational climate has been used in many different ways to refer to a wide variety of constructs. In...

Formal organizational communication is not an easily defined term. Organizational communication is a complicated phenomenon that has no clear boundaries....

Some scholars argue that the informal organization is more powerful than the formal organization. Scholars also suggest that a great...

Organizational image refers to people’s global impressions of an organization; it is defined as people’s loose structures of knowledge and...

The term organizational politics refers to the informal ways people try to exercise influence in organizations through the management of...

It has been broadly reported that change is happening at an accelerated rate in organizations. As a result, employees are...

Organizational sensemaking is not an established body of knowledge; it is a developing set of ideas drawn from a range...

Organizational socialization (OS) is the process through which a newcomer to an organization transitions from outsider to integrated and effective...

Organizational structure refers to the formal and informal manner in which people, job tasks, and other organizational resources are configured...

Outsourcing is typically the domain of trade economists, whereas nonstandard work arrangements are the province of labor economists. Temporary work...

Shiftwork is a term used to describe an arrangement of working hours that differs from the standard daylight working hours...

The sociotechnical approach to organizational structure was developed in England during the late 1940s by Eric Trist and his colleagues...

Strategic planning is a process by which organizations put business plans into action in the marketplace. This process differs from...

Downsizing is the planned elimination of jobs and positions in order to decrease the number of workers employed by an...

On September 11, 2001, in the largest terrorist attack in history, four passenger planes were commandeered by terrorists and flown...

Chris Argyris and Donald Schon’s theory of action is a descriptive and normative framework that explains and prescribes behavior at...

Total quality management (TQM) is an organizational activity that has received many labels since its widespread introduction to the American...

Virtual organizations are composed of employees spread across different locations who perform different jobs and may also have different cultural...

The term workplace injury refers to any wound or damage to the human body as a consequence of an event...

It is probably reasonable to assume that most employees in the developed world go to work each day in the...

Why do groups form and how do groups develop? In this entry, different perspectives on group development  are  examined.  There ...

Repetition can make a simple behavior very powerful.  Improving  your  physical  health  by  exercising,  increasing  body  strength  by  working  out, ...

The   health   belief   model,   grounded   in   John Atkinson’s  expectancy–value  theory  of  achievement  motivation,  proposes  that  people  are  rational decision makers...

Hedonic theory, or theory of psychological hedonism, is the idea that human behavior is motivated by  the  pursuit  of  pleasure ...

Heterosexism,  homonegativism,  and  transprejudice  are  prejudices  aimed  at  lesbian,  gay,  bisexual,  or  transgender  (LGBT)  people.  These  beliefs and  actions  are ...

Researchers  and  practitioners  have  long  believed that how people feel about and describe themselves can strongly influence motivated behavior in...

Human  factors  (HF)  is  a  multidisciplinary  area that  aims  to  understand  and  support  the  interactions  between  a  human  user  and ...

Flow  is  a  special  psychological  state  of  total absorption  in  a  task.  When  in  flow,  athletes  are fully  focused  on ...

In  the  year  2000,  psychologists  Martin  Seligman and  Mihaly  Csikszentmihalyi  were  authors  of  an influential article proposing a new focus...

The  term  hypnosis  is  often  shrouded  in  misconception,  myth,  and  apprehension  because  most views  about  hypnosis  are  influenced  by  entertainment ...

Exercise  identity  is  a  construct  that  captures  the extent to which one sees exercise as a part of one’s self-concept, ...

Implicit or self-theories of ability refer to individuals’  views  on  the  stability  and  changeability  of personal  attributes.  Two  lay  theories ...