High School
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the institution of high school, examining its historical evolution, organizational structure, and curriculum....
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Identity Definition
The concept of identity has been defined as an internalized psychic system that integrates an individual’s inner self and the...
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Self-Disclosure
Self-Disclosure Definition Self-disclosure refers to the process of revealing personal, intimate information about oneself to others. Through self-disclosure, two individuals...
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Middle School
This article on middle school delves into the intricate intersection of developmental and educational psychology within the context of early...
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Racial Identity
Racial identity is a dynamic sociopolitical construction and assists in the understanding of within-group differences of people of different races....
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Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy Definition Self-efficacy is defined as people’s beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their own actions. Self-efficacy...
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Montessori Schools
Montessori Schools, rooted in the pioneering work of Dr. Maria Montessori, stand as a distinctive educational model with profound implications...
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Vocational Identity
Vocational identity and career identity are related, but vocational identity as a concept extends beyond career identity. Career identity is...
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Self-Enhancement
Self-Enhancement Definition People engage in self-enhancement whenever they seek, interpret, or distort evidence about themselves in a way designed to...
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Accommodation
This article on accommodation in school psychology, explores the multifaceted concept of accommodation within educational contexts. It delves into the...
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White Racial Identity Development
White racial identity development (WRID) theory describes how White individuals develop a sense of themselves as racial beings, acknowledge the...
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Self-Esteem Stability
Self-Esteem Stability Definition Some people possess immediate feelings of self-worth that fluctuate considerably from day to day or even within...
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Due Process
This article delves into the pivotal concept of due process within the realm of school psychology. Due process, rooted in...
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Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem Definition Self-esteem is such a commonly used term you probably already know what it is: thinking highly of yourself....
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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
Sometimes the success of others is a source of good feelings. People take pride in their friends’ or their spouse’s...
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Gifted Students
The article on gifted students provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted domain of gifted education in the context of...
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Bullying Counseling
Bullying is a problem that threatens the well-being of children and adolescents across the world; estimates are that up to...
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Self-Handicapping
Self-Handicapping Definition Self-handicapping was first defined in 1978 by Steven Berglas and Edward Jones as “any action or choice of...
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Self-Monitoring
Self-monitoring is a personality trait that captures differences in the extent to which people control the image they present to...
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Creation of Meaning
The creation of meaning is an essential and unique human function. Because meaning is not inherent in any action or...
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Self-Promotion
Self-Promotion Definition Self-promotion refers to the practice of purposefully trying to present oneself as highly competent to other people. When...
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Ego Strength
The concept of ego strength derives from psychoanalytic theory and refers to the healthy, adaptive functioning of the ego (i.e.,...
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Self-Reference Effect
Self-Reference Effect Definition The self-reference effect refers to people’s tendency to better remember information when that information has been linked...
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Empowerment Counseling
The term empowerment was first used in the mid-17th century. Historically, it has been described as the process of giving...
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Self-Regulation
Self-Regulation Definition Self-regulation refers to the self exerting control over itself. In particular, self-regulation consists of deliberate efforts by the...
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Espiritismo in Counseling
Espiritismo is the belief that problems, conceptualized by Western psychologists as being related to mental health issues, are caused by...
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Self-Reports
Self-Reports Definition The term self-reports refers to information that is collected from an individual’s own description of the events, sensations,...
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Familismo in Counseling
Familismo refers to a strong sense of identification with, and loyalty to, nuclear and extended family. It also includes a...
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Benchmarking
Organizations use a variety of measurements to evaluate business performance, such as revenue, stock price, voluntary attrition, or employee attitude...
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Fatalism in Counseling
Mental health scholars have long been interested in fatalism. In 1959 Bruce P. Dohrenwend, in an extension of the sociologist...
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias Definition The self-serving bias refers to the tendency to take credit for successful outcomes in life, but to...
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Gambling Counseling
Gambling has become a major recreational activity in the United States. In the past, legalized gambling was confined to a...
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Case Study Method
A case study is an in-depth examination of entities (individuals or organizations), processes, or activities that seeks further theoretical understanding...
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Happiness and Hardiness
Happiness can be defined as subjective well-being or as the actualization of human potential. Hardiness refers to an attitude comprised...
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Competency Modeling
Competency modeling is a method of collecting and organizing job information and worker attributes into broad competencies. Competencies are descriptions...
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Help-Seeking Behavior
Help-seeking behavior can be understood as the steps an individual, a couple, or a family takes to enter into a...
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Self-Stereotyping
Self-Stereotyping Definition Self-stereotyping occurs when individuals’ beliefs about their own characteristics correspond to common beliefs about the characteristics of a...
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Hope Counseling
Human weaknesses such as hopelessness and aggression have often been the focus of psychologists. This attention to weakness has resulted...
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Content Coding
In organizational surveys, also often referred to as employee attitude surveys, data are gathered in two general forms, quantitative and...
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Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation occurs when an individual engages in an activity solely because the activity is perceived and experienced as interesting...
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Social Comparison
Social Comparison Definition Social comparison involves thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self....
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Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness Definition Learned helplessness refers to a phenomenon in which an animal or human experiences an uncontrollable, inescapable event...
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Critical Incident Technique
The critical incident technique is a research process that invites respondents to identify events (incidents) they deem significant (critical) for...
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Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness is a condition that is brought about by repeated exposure to negative stimuli. The result is that the...
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Spotlight Effect
Spotlight Effect Definition The spotlight effect is a very common psychological phenomenon that psychologists define as a person’s tendency to...
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Symbolic Self-Completion
Symbolic Self-Completion Definition Symbolic self-completion refers to having or seeking social symbols of achievement regarding a goal important to one’s...
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Cross-Cultural Research
Research in industrial-organizational psychology is increasingly being conducted across cultural boundaries to test the generalizability of Western findings and to...
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Value Priorities
Value Priorities Definition Value priorities are principles that provide people with a way of knowing what they must do and...
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Hallucinations
Hallucinations are abnormal sensory perceptions of stimuli that occur in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations can be visual, auditory,...
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