False Memories
We do not necessarily remember our experiences the way they really happened—and what is more, remembering an experience does not...
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Curriculum-Based Assessment
Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA) stands as a cornerstone of modern educational practices in school psychology, enabling professionals to evaluate and support...
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Detection of Deception: Reality Monitoring
People sometimes try to determine whether they have actually experienced an event they have in mind, or whether this memory...
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Forced Confabulation
Forced confabulation can occur if an individual erroneously incorporates into his or her memory of an event, self-generated information that...
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Functional Behavioral Assessment
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is a pivotal practice in school psychology, designed to understand and address challenging behaviors among students....
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Detection of Deception: Use of Evidence
The paradigmatic finding from research on deception detection is that people are poor at discriminating between liars and truth tellers....
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Hypnosis and Eyewitness Memory
The use of hypnosis to enhance the memory of a witness to a crime often results not only in some...
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Infant Assessment
Infant assessment in school psychology plays a pivotal role in early intervention and support for young children and their families....
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Contact Hypothesis
Contact Hypothesis Definition The contact hypothesis lies at the center of social psychological research on prejudice reduction. The effort to...
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Identification Tests: Best Practices
Perhaps the ultimate form of eyewitness evidence is the identification of a suspect from a live or photo lineup, as...
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Intelligence Assessment
Intelligence assessment plays a pivotal role in school psychology, aiding in the understanding of cognitive abilities and informing educational strategies....
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Jigsaw Classroom
Social psychologist Elliot Aronson introduced the jigsaw classroom in 1971, while a professor at the University of Texas at Austin....
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Instructions to the Witness
The instructions given to a witness prior to the presentation of a lineup have an important influence on how the...
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Interviewing
In the realm of school psychology, assessment stands as a cornerstone practice, and interviewing serves as a dynamic tool within...
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Prejudice Reduction
Prejudice Reduction Definition Prejudice reduction refers to a decrease in (most often) negative attitudes or evaluations that individuals hold in...
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Lineup Fillers
Lineup fillers prevent unreliable witnesses from guessing the identity of the police suspect and should allow for a fair recognition...
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Mental Age
Mental age, a foundational concept in the field of school psychology, has a rich history and multifaceted applications in cognitive...
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Lineup Size and Bias
A lineup is constructed by placing a person suspected of committing a crime (the suspect) among a collection of innocent...
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Motor Assessment
Motor assessment plays a pivotal role in school psychology, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of students’ development and learning. This...
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Motions to Suppress Eyewitness Identification
Serving as an important safeguard against wrongful convictions, motions to suppress help keep evidence that was gathered improperly or unfairly...
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Neuropsychological Assessment
This article explores neuropsychological assessment in school psychology. It covers its definition, historical evolution, theoretical foundations, assessment tools, and ethical...
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Stereotypes
Stereotypes Definition Stereotypes are generalized beliefs about the characteristics that are associated with the members of a social group. In...
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Confidence in Identification Malleability
Eyewitnesses are often asked to indicate how confident they are in the accuracy of their identification and other testimony-relevant judgments....
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Outcomes-Based Assessment
Outcomes-Based Assessment (OBA) in school psychology is a comprehensive and evolving approach to evaluating student performance and well-being. This article...
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Confidence in Identifications
The confidence that eyewitnesses express in their decision at an identification test or lineup has long been recognized within the...
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Performance-Based Assessment
Performance-Based Assessment (PBA) in school psychology is a dynamic approach to evaluating students’ skills, knowledge, and abilities. This article explores...
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Symbolic Racism
Symbolic Racism Definition Symbolic racism is a form of prejudice that Whites in particular hold against Blacks, although it is...
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Computer-Assisted Lineups
Many people are familiar with the live lineups and photo lineups shown in television crime dramas. Increasingly, however, police departments...
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Personality Assessment
Personality assessment in school psychology is a critical practice for understanding and supporting students’ emotional and behavioral development. This article...
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Achievement Motivation
Achievement Motivation Definition The term achievement motivation may be defined by independently considering the words achievement and motivation. Achievement refers...
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Cognitive Interview
Eyewitness information is the key element in solving many crimes, yet the police are often poorly trained in conducting information-gathering...
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Portfolio Assessment
Portfolio assessment is a versatile and informative method for evaluating student learning and achievement in school psychology. This comprehensive article...
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Agreeableness
Agreeableness Definition Agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality within the five-factor, structural approach to personality (also...
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Clothing Bias in Identification
A bias in an identification procedure is any factor— other than recognition—that leads witnesses to select a person. Clothing bias...
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Preschool Assessment
Preschool assessment in school psychology plays a pivotal role in understanding and supporting the development of young children. This article...
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Legal Authoritarianism
In its broadest sense, legal authoritarianism refers to the constellation of beliefs held about the legal system that is relevant...
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Appearance-Change Instruction
Prior to viewing a lineup, eyewitnesses to crimes are often given various instructions by lineup administrators. Among these is the...
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Projective Testing
The use of projective testing in school psychology has a rich history and continues to play a vital role in...
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Legal Negotiation
Negotiation is extremely common in legal settings. In the criminal context, most cases are resolved through the plea bargaining process...
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Alcohol Intoxication Impact
Alcohol consumption has a significant effect on eyewitness identification abilities, including the accuracy of perpetrator descriptions and identification accuracy in...
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Psychometric g
Psychometric g, or the general intelligence factor, is a critical concept in school psychology. This article explores its historical development,...
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Leniency Bias
It is well established that if a verdict option is favored by a substantial (e.g., two-thirds) majority of jurors prior...
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Psychological Reports
Psychological reports play a pivotal role in school psychology, facilitating effective communication, decision-making, and intervention planning. This article explores the...
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Litigation Stress
Litigation stress is best understood as consisting of negative physical and psychological reactions to being involved in a legal action....
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Termination of Parental Rights
When families fail to care for and protect children, states have the authority, when granted legal jurisdiction by the court,...
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Responsiveness to Intervention
The Responsiveness to Intervention (RTI) model in school psychology is a dynamic approach designed to address the diverse needs of...
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