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Research indicates that substance abuse is a risk marker for intimate partner violence (IPV). This article reviews the evidence for the...

The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) has become a classic in the social sciences for its dramatic demonstration of the power...

The  human  immunodeficiency  virus  (HIV)  is  a retrovirus. A retrovirus is a type of virus that has viral RNA in...

Substance use disorder is defined as the use of a substance that results in persistent and sometimes pervasive aversive consequences. Substance...

The Suicide Assessment Manual for Inmates (SAMI) is a new instrument designed to assess risk for suicide attempts among individuals...

Humor is closely related to play; indeed, it can be viewed as a form of “mental play.” When we engage...

Prisoner suicide assessment and prevention is an area of active research and clinical involvement. Indeed, it is an important component...

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited brain disorder named for Dr. George Huntington, who first described this disorder in 1872....

Suicide by cop (SbC) is a phenomenon confronted by police officers in which suicidal individuals behave in such a way...

For more than one and a half centuries, from the first insanity defense commitment of John Hadfield in England in...

The Mayo Clinic reports that about 4,000 infants in the United States are born with hydrocephalus, and an estimated 6,000...

Therapeutic communities use interpersonal interactions within a structured community milieu to treat substance abuse. They have shown promising outcomes, especially...

In scientific research, a hypothesis is a statement about  a  predicted  relationship  between  variables. A good research hypothesis can be...

Terrorism, like many other horrific types of violence, has begged in the minds of many for a psychological explanation. The...

Super-maximum secure or “supermax” prisons are used to hold those prisoners whom prison authorities regard as the most problematic in...

The id (Latin for “that thing”) is present at birth and developmentally is the oldest of the three psychological structures...

The Innocence Project, an organization dedicated to exonerating the wrongfully convicted by means of DNA testing, has to date been...

When two fetuses are carried simultaneously and delivered by a woman, it is termed a twin birth. Most multiple births...

Law enforcement personnel use a variety of procedures to elicit confessions from suspects. The Reid Technique uses psychological methods to...

The problem of identity is where psychology merges with culture. Human beings are biological creatures, to be sure. But among...

Statement Validity Assessment (SVA) is a tool designed to determine the credibility of child witnesses’ testimonies in trials for sexual...

Frances Lillian Ilg, MD, was born in Oak Park, Illinois. A pediatrician and professor at Yale, Ilg was a pioneering...

The public is routinely informed that suspects have been administered a polygraph test and have either failed or passed the...

Originally used to represent the false belief that one is being watched and evaluated by others, David Elkind proposed that...

Psychological profiling is a relatively new investigative technique that, in the past 30 years, has developed from what used to...

Imaginary friends are a charming part of early childhood and beyond. Between one half and two thirds of children create...

Polygraph is a general term that refers to the use of autonomic physiological measures to make assessments about a person’s...

Imaginary thinking occurs when the contents of our thoughts escape the boundaries of the here and now, such as when...

Police use of force is the application in a law enforcement capacity of physical or psychological coercion against citizens. Under...

Anthropological evidence has shown that, in many cultures, observational learning and imitation are the major ways by which behaviors unique...

A worker may be required to leave the workplace because of the experience of an extreme stressor on the job,...

Long-term relocation across national borders represents one of the major ways in which the structure of populations in various countries...

Police training is a process by which teachers communicate to police personnel job-related knowledge and skills and assist them in...

The immune system is a defense system that protects invertebrate and vertebrate animals from microorganisms and substances recognized as foreign...

This entry defines police stress and describes its consequences, origins, and the individual and organizational methods to control it. Controlling...

Immunization is a procedure routinely used to improve the body’s ability to overcome infection and protect against diseases caused by...

Over the past four decades, a rapidly growing specialty area of psychology has been that of psychologists working within the...