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Urinary incontinence is a condition that occurs when there is involuntary loss of urine from the bladder. It is estimated...

Human  variation  in  psychological,  physical,  and behavioral  characteristics  is  both  an  obvious  and inescapable reality. Recognition of this universal phenomenon likely...

Special education has been through many stages of reform. By the 1970s, the need for safeguarding students with disabilities from...

The   Individuals   with   Disabilities   Education Act (IDEA) of 1997 is the latest reauthorization of the Education for All Handicapped Children...

Infancy ranges in age from the moment of birth to about 2 years of age when the young child begins...

Infant  mortality  is  defined  as  the  death  of  an infant prior to its first birthday. This definition clearly excludes death...

Infanticide is the killing of an infant or young child(ren) by a parent or stepparent; however, specific terminology varies with...

Infection refers to the successful transmission of a microorganism (bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) to the host, with subsequent multiplication...

The  majority  of  couples  worldwide  expect  to have children, and few ever contemplate the possibility that they will be unable...

Inductive reasoning is the ubiquitous mental activity of using existing knowledge to generate new knowledge that is likely, though not...

Information processing theories explain how people work with or perform mental operations on information they have received. These operations include...

Broadly speaking, inhibitory control is the ability to suppress the activation, processing, or expression of information that would otherwise interfere...

Many adults believe that their thinking and memory skills are getting poorer, or will become so, as they grow older....

One of Karl Spearman’s (an important figure in the early work on intelligence) major works was titled The Nature of...

Intergenerational relationships refer to ties between individuals or groups of different ages. Sweeping changes in American family structure, especially since...

Internet use is widespread and growing. Current studies indicate that 149 million people are online worldwide,  and  that  the  number...

Interracial  relationships  have  existed  for  years, though society traditionally has had difficulty accepting these unions. Over the years, attitudes toward...

Sexual offenders do great societal damage that causes justifiable public concern. Over the past 10 years, psychology has developed the...

The STATIC-99 and the STATIC-2002 are actuarial instruments that predict sex offender recidivism. They were designed to be widely applicable...

The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), developed by Randy Borum, Patrick Bartel, and Adelle Forth, is a...

The violence risk appraisal guide (VRAG) is an actuarial instrument that assesses the risk of further violence among men or...

Interest in juvenile offenders has increased in the past few decades due to the large number of youths coming into...

Victimization can be defined as the act or process of someone being injured or damaged by another person. The resulting...

Battered woman syndrome (BWS), first proposed in the 1970s after research demonstrated the psychological impact from domestic violence on the...

Child maltreatment extends across class, culture, ethnicity, and nationality. In the United States alone, upward of 3 million cases of...

Bias crime represents the nadir of intergroup relationships and contact. Prejudice and bigotry give rise to bias crime, and bigotry...

Although definitions can vary across legal, clinical, and research contexts, child sexual abuse is commonly defined as sexual acts between...

There is no agreed precise definition of the term cybercrime, but in a general sense, it has been used to...

The phrase intimate partner violence encompasses a pattern of psychological and emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and stalking between...

An uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is traumatic brain injury in which there is a brief loss of consciousness,...

This article briefly examines the history of the diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the current symptoms that characterize this syndrome,...

A psychological autopsy (or psychiatric autopsy—the terms are used interchangeably) is a reconstructive mental state evaluation (RMSE) focused on understanding...

Rape trauma syndrome (RTS) is a topic about which experts testify in legal cases. It is most often used by...

Almost all crimes become known to the police because citizens, usually victims, report them. In this role as gatekeeper, victims...

Coping strategies of adult rape victims refers to the ways in which rape victims respond to an assault. Most of...

The Framingham Heart Study pioneered the identification of “risk factors” for heart disease, and this ongoing and ambitious study continues...

This research paper discusses some of the more important variables such as sex of the observer, complainant, and alleged harasser;...

When two fetuses are carried simultaneously and delivered by a woman, it is termed a twin birth. Most multiple births...

While the legal definition of stalking varies across jurisdictions, behaviorally, it is generally considered to comprise any of a wide...

Sigmund Freud is arguably the most influential psychologist in history. Born in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor, Czech Republic), lived in...

As a result of a number of developments—including the rise of restorative justice—victims in common-law jurisdictions now have far more...

Defining Friendship In all cultures, friendships are important relationships throughout the life span. What exactly is friendship? Although there are...

Trial consulting gained attention in 1971, when “scientific jury selection” was employed by a group of social scientists in the defense...