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At a young age, Virginia Apgar, born in Westfield, New Jersey, decided upon medicine for her future career. Apgar majored...

The five-factor model of personality (FFM; often referred to as the Big Five model) is an empirically derived approach that...

Apnea is a brief pause in one’s breathing pattern. When it occurs for extended periods or frequently during sleep, it...

Phenomenological approaches to personality take human experience or subjectivity as their primary focus. Phenomenological theorists assert that obtaining accurate knowledge...

Applied behavior analysis is the scientific study of behaviors of social importance. Established principles of behavior, described in large part...

The set of theories of personality development that are referred to collectively as psychodynamic or psycho-analytic vary dramatically in their...

Aptitude is a very complex term with different meanings and uses. According to Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003), aptitude can be...

Developed over nearly five decades by Albert Bandura, social cognitive theory—which emphasizes the reciprocal interaction of behavior, cognitive, and other...

Aptitude tests are standardized instruments assessing specific cognitive, perceptual, or physical skills. These tests are frequently used in industry to...

Action theory is based on a school of thought in philosophy, social and cognitive psychology, neurology, and organizational behavior as...

Arterioscle r osi s is the scientific term used to describe what is commonly referred to as “hardening of the...

Adlerian therapy refers to counseling and psychotherapeutic interventions that are associated with the individual psychology of Alfred Adler (1870-1937), a...

Aspe r g e r  syndrome  (AS)  is  the  term  applied  to the mildest and highest functioning end of the...

Adventure therapy is an active and creative form of group psychotherapy that employs experiential activities designed to promote desired therapeutic...

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the purpose of children’s thinking is to help them adapt to the environment in...

Art therapy combines the process of art making (drawing, painting, sculpture, and other art media) with methods of psychotherapy to...

Assisted living facilities (ALFs) are a relatively new type of housing for older adults, which provide variable levels of care...

Attachment theory provides a useful theoretical framework for understanding how relationships function to facilitate or hinder developmental progress, such as...

Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is the intentional termination of a human’s life, at the explicit request of the one who dies,...

Behavior therapy does not assume that, at their core, humans are inherently positive or negative. Behavior therapy assumes that, within...

Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with variable airflow obstruction that reverses either spontaneously or with...

Brief Therapy Definition Brief therapy is a type of counseling that is time limited and present oriented. Brief therapy focuses...

Very few topics in the field of human development have garnered as much attention as the nature and significance of...

Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that beliefs determine feelings and behavior. Albert Ellis, who along with Aaron Beck...

Few aspects of Western culture touch as many people or command as much attention as athletics. Historically, athletics helped shape...

Cognitive-behavioral therapy derives from the research protocols of hundreds of active scholars focused on a wide array of specific clinical...

Attention is what helps us to maintain perception, thought, and behavior despite distraction. There are many varieties of attention, each...

The influence of postmodernism’s challenge of the “objectivist” position in psychology has been central in the evolution of constructivist therapies....

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common, most talked about, and most vexing of the psychiatric...

Conversion therapy (also known as reparative therapy, reorientation therapy, or transformational therapy) has been generally understood to have as its...

Attention is a component of higher cortical cognitive functioning and refers to a person’s ability to (a) detect and focus...

There are many definitions of what constitutes a crisis sufficient to bring a person to counseling. Richard K. James and...

The research of attitudes is probably one of the most controversial, yet fascinating, areas of psychology. Although  contemporary  psychologists  tend ...

Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) is a specific, seven-phase, small-group crisis intervention technique. It is a structured discussion of a...