Self-Affirmation Theory
Self-Affirmation Theory Definition The self-affirmation theory posits that people have a fundamental motivation to maintain self-integrity, a perception of themselves...
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After-School Programs
After-school programs (ASPs) are those programs available to children 6 to 18 years of age that are characterized by structure,...
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Self-Categorization Theory
Self-categorization theory addresses the problem of the psychological group. Are there such things as psychological groups? How do they form?...
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Age Discrimination
Robert Butler is credited with originating the term ageism in 1968. Ageism involves negative attitudes and discriminatory practices against individuals...
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Self-Determination Theory
The self-determination theory (SDT), formulated by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, is a broad theory of human motivation...
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Self-Discrepancy Theory
Self-discrepancy theory was developed in an attempt to answer the following question: Why is it that when people are emotionally...
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Aggression and Adult Development
Aggressive behavior often poses problems in humans across the life span, both as initiators and recipients of aggression. The study...
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Self-Expansion Theory
Self-Expansion Theory Definition Close relationships open up new worlds to people. As you interact with roommates, close friends, and relationship...
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Aging and Develomental Psychology
Aging is inevitable. Although the average life expectancy has increased dramatically in recent years, we have yet to discover the...
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Self-Perception Theory
In everyday life, people observe other people’s actions and behaviors and make inferences about others’ attitudes based on what they...
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Aging Parents
Throughout our life span, the family is one of the most stable and reliable relationships we experience. Aging parents in...
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Self-Verification Theory
The self-verification theory proposes that people want others to see them as they see themselves. For example, just as those...
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Aging Well
Most adults want to live long, in good health, and with an overall sense of well-being. Aging well describes this...
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Sexual Economics Theory
Sexual Economics Theory Definition Sexual economics theory is an idea about how men and women think, feel, respond, and behave...
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Mary Salter Ainsworth
Mary Dinsmore Salter was born on December 1, 1913, in Glendale, Ohio, but grew up in Toronto, Canada. As a...
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Sexual Strategies Theory
Sexual Strategies Theory Definition Strategies are the means people use to achieve goals. If the goal is to obtain food,...
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Social Exchange Theory
Social Exchange Theory Definition Social exchange theory is a broad social psychological perspective that attempts to explain how human social...
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Social Identity Theory
Social Identity Theory Definition and History Social identity theory explains how the self-concept is associated with group membership and group...
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Job Sharing
Job sharing, sometimes called work sharing, generally refers to the practice of having two or more people share a single...
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Life/Career
The traditional view of career, what one does on the job at work and the sequence of work-related positions throughout...
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Narrative Career Counseling
Narrative career counseling represents a shift from the 20th-century focus on objective interventions for career decision making toward a 21st-century...
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Occupational Information
Occupational information is one of the major components needed to make effective career decisions. Occupational information refers to the collection...
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Occupational Information Network
The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is the United States Department of Labor’s online successor to the Dictionary of Occupation Titles...
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Part-Time Work
Part-time work refers to work performed by laborers who work less than the standard number of hours and who are...
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Pay Equity
Pay equity is based on the principle that the payment an employee receives from the employer should be proportional to...
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Personal and Career Counseling
Personal counseling and career counseling share a significant history. Vocational or career counseling started with the work of Frank Parsons...
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Private Practice Career Counseling
Career counselors working in private practices typically provide services to individual and organizational clients. The services most often rendered to...
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Process and Outcome Research
Process and outcome research are two interconnected research methodologies that identify the processes that go on in counseling sessions and...
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Roe’s Career Theory
Anne Roe (1904—1991) was born and raised in Denver, Colorado. Upon graduating from the University of Denver, she attended Columbia...
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Social Cognitive Career Theory
Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) seeks to explain three interrelated aspects of career development: (1) how basic academic and career...
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Spirituality and Career Development
Career counseling is a dynamic process of helping clients explore how aspects of their identity may relate to their career...
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Training in Organizations
Training refers to activities designed to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes relevant to performance in an occupation....
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Work-Bound Youth
The majority of youth enter the world of work prior to receiving postsecondary education or training. By age 26, 85%...
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Work-Family Balance
Balancing the demands and domains of work and family life presents major challenges for individuals, couples, and families. Career counselors...
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Work Stress
Work now more than ever consumes large portions of people’s lives. The importance of work in people’s lives, alongside the...
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Work Values
It is generally accepted that there are three or four things that contribute to success and satisfaction at work or...
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Civil Rights
Civil rights have been generally defined as affirmative legal promises governments make to protect the privileges and power of a...
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Confidentiality and Legal Privilege
Confidentiality is the legal and ethical duty of therapists not to reveal information about their clients to unauthorized individuals. Legally...
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Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
At the heart of the counseling profession is the all-important relationship between the professional counselor and the individual, couple, group,...
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Custody Evaluation
A child custody evaluation, also known as a parental responsibility evaluation, is a process by which recommendations are made to...
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Ethical Codes
Ethical issues are often complicated and multifaceted and can be challenging for counselors if they attempt to create simple solutions...
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Ethical Dilemmas
Counselors make hundreds of decisions as they work with clients. They use professional skills and knowledge to gather information in...
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Ethics in Computer-Aided Counseling
Technology in counseling began with the advent of the desktop computer over 30 years ago. Success in computer-aided services for...
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Ethics in Research
Ethical issues in social science research are of crucial importance not only to the individuals involved, but also to society....
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that ensures that all children ages birth through 21...
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Informed Consent
Informed consent in counseling and psychotherapy refers to the process by which clients or prospective clients receive information about the...
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Legal Issues in Parenting
The legal issues regarding parenting can be, and often are, highly complicated and controversial issues, needing to be addressed within...
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Oppression
The concept of oppression has been written about by scholars and educators in various fields. Oppression has been defined as...
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