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Paul Radin worked as an anthropologist in North America and specialized in Native American groups. His field was the ethnology...

Ramses II, also called Ramses the Great, was the third king of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt. He reigned for...

The most common use of the term “rank” in anthropology is to designate one type of society among three (the...

Rapa Nui is a small (160 km) remote subtropical island in the South Pacific Ocean, 3600 km west of Chile,...

Roy Rappaport, one of the leading ecological anthropologists of the 20th century, was born in New York City. He earned...

Polynesia is a geographical triangle in the Pacific Ocean with Hawaii, New Zealand, and Rapa Nui (Easter Island) as its...

Reciprocity is the state of mutually addressing the same attitudes or feelings as another. It indicates an equal exchange. This...

Robert Redfield, prominent anthropologist and Dean of the Social Sciences at the University of Chicago from 1934 to 1936, applied...

Gladys Reichard was born in Bangor, Pennsylvania on July 17, 1893. Her family was of Pennsylvania Dutch heritage and she...

Hardly any term of the intellectual life seems to have such multifarious meanings as religion. Religion is of great importance...

While the legal definition of stalking varies across jurisdictions, behaviorally, it is generally considered to comprise any of a wide...

The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) has become a classic in the social sciences for its dramatic demonstration of the power...

Statement Validity Assessment (SVA) is a tool designed to determine the credibility of child witnesses’ testimonies in trials for sexual...

The STATIC-99 and the STATIC-2002 are actuarial instruments that predict sex offender recidivism. They were designed to be widely applicable...

Statistical information is increasingly likely to be presented in court. It may appear in civil cases (e.g., percentages of men...

In the context of the courtroom, “stealing thunder” refers to revealing damaging information first so as to diffuse its impact....

To better explain how jurors make decisions in trial, psychologists have proposed a variety of decision-making models. Some research has...

Stress exerts complex effects on eyewitness memory. On the whole, it has a negative effect, but this can be quite...

The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), developed by Randy Borum, Patrick Bartel, and Adelle Forth, is a...

The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) is a fully structured interview that is designed to assess feigned mental disorders...

As research findings accumulate, health professionals are becoming better and better at identifying people who are at risk of developing...

Self-efficacy is the centerpiece of a theory of human agency developed by psychologist Albert Bandura of Stanford University. In his...

Self-regulation refers to the processes by which individuals control or direct their thoughts, emotions, and actions to achieve their goals....

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States, and results in enormous medical...

There are more than one billion smokers worldwide. If current trends continue, 8.4 million smokers are estimated to die annually...

Social Comparison Theory Social comparison, a pervasive aspect of daily life, consists in comparing oneself to others in order to...

Social support refers to assistance provided by friends, family, and others to an individual who is facing stressful circumstances or...

Socioeconomic status (SES), traditionally assessed by income, education, and occupation, reflects individuals’ material and social resources. Various theories of social...

Introduction Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an underrecognized public health concern among sexually active youth and adults in the United...

Stress management is the use of psychological interventions to reduce physical reactions (such as muscle tension, high blood pressure, insomnia,...

There is no single commonly accepted definition of framing in the field of communication. In fact, political communication scholars have...

Frustration is defined as a state that sets in if a goal-oriented act is delayed or thwarted. The instigation remains...

George Gerbner (1920 –2006) was one of the most perspicacious students and critics of the social and political effects of...

One of the founding figures of communication science, Yale psychologist Carl Iver Hovland (1912 –1961) was born in Chicago to...

In the 1940s, Paul F. Lazarsfeld defined international communication as a study of the “processes by which various cultures influence...

Over the past five decades, Elihu Katz (born in New York in 1926) has made a major contribution to the...

Building upon early research from rural sociology, diffusion of innovations, public opinion poll data, and information campaigns, Tichenor et al....

Social-judgment theorists (Sherif & Hovland 1961) assume that attitudes concerning important topics are bipolar. People have an internal reference scale....

Communication researchers often gather quantitative data – for example from surveys, content analyses, or experiments – and then generate mathematical...

A corollary of cultivation theory, the concept of “mainstreaming” implies that heavy television viewing contributes to an erosion of differences...

Throughout history, people’s positions in society, status, work, and worldview were dictated virtually from birth by the social class/socioeconomic status...

The term locus of control originated in the social learning approach to behavior change in the early 1960s, and the...

The notion of Machiavellianism is based on the writings of the sixteenth-century writer Niccolo Machiavelli. In his most famous work,...

What does it mean to be an intelligent person? Philosophers, psychologists, educators, and everyday people have answered this question using...

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was created by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Briggs to make Carl Jung’s theory of...

The term needs describes a recurrent concern for a certain type of outcomes resulting from individuals’ interactions with their environments....

One of the first and even now most-used tools of career counselors is the interest inventory. Inventories currently in use...

Personality refers to characteristics that make individuals unique, including their prototypical thoughts, emotions, interests, habits, and behaviors. Psychological in nature,...

The term personality typically refers to one’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. In addition to the stable, trait-like...

The person-environment interactional and transactional models assume that human behavior tends to be influenced by many determinants both in the...