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Networking refers to a set of behaviors used to develop and maintain relationships that can potentially provide information, influence, guidance,...

The obsolescence of knowledge and skills has long been recognized as a problem affecting individual careers and organizational effectiveness. While...

For many individuals and for a long time, occupational choice has been seen as the goal of career development. Theory...

The inclusion of prestige as part of interest assessment is not a new phenomenon but has gained increasing attention over...

For more than a century, people who study work, occupations, and society more generally have been interested in what distinguishes...

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is an action taken by an individual that is discretionary and not formally recognized or rewarded...

Organizational socialization describes how people learn to fit into a new organization or job. It is a process by which...

Organizational staffing is concerned with having the right people at the right place and time to achieve organizational outcomes. Staffing...

Outsourcing affects hundreds of thousands of employees around the world every year and generates over $100 billion in outsourcing contracts...

Part-time employment is a formalized work arrangement where an employee works fewer hours than what an employer judges to be...

Paleoecology is both a field of ecology concentrated on the study of the ecology of fossil organisms and a branch...

Found in the Cretaceous limestone of the Paluxy River basin in Texas, the Paluxy footprints are tracks— genuine, forged, and...

Palynology is the study and analysis of microscopic organic material, predominantly pollen and spores, but also a multitude of other...

Panama is a central American country, with a population of 2,839,170 (2000). It shares borders with Costa Rica to the...

Pantheism may be defined as the doctrine that God is coextensive with and identical to all things. Clearly distinct from...

Paralanguage refers to verbal communications that have meaning but are not part of the system of words and grammatical rules...

Born on February 14, 1864, in Harveyville, PA, and raised in Minnesota, Robert Ezra Park graduated from the University of...

Often described as immersion in a culture, participant-observation is the principal methodological component of ethnographic fieldwork. The researcher watches people...

Pascal was a polymath who became a major figure in religious thought and polemics, mathematics, theoretical physics, philosophy, and French...

Patriarchy is a theory about social organization that refers to a system of male authority that is seen to oppress...

For as long as people have been able to draw and write, they have created pornography. Greek vases and Roman...

Forensic psychology was formally recognized as a specialty by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2001 (through the Committee for...

Human memory, however accurate generally, is not a perfect processing system. Over time, our memory becomes less accurate, primarily for...

This entry briefly examines the history of the diagnosis of PTSD, the current symptoms that characterize this syndrome, risk factors...

The presence-of-counsel safeguard, provided by the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution, guarantees every defendant the right to an...

Presentence evaluations are those assessments conducted prior to the sentencing stage of proceedings to assist the court in making an...

When a trial is deemed newsworthy by the press, it is likely that information about the nature of the allegations,...

With well over 2 million individuals confined in jails and prisons in the United States, it is easy to understand...

Probation officers’ decisions affect the legal experiences and case outcomes of a substantial number of defendants and offenders. Probation officers...

This entry focuses on the psychology of procedural justice (PJ) and the law. PJ is a judgment about the fairness...

The origin of linguistic pragmatics as a discipline can be traced back to an article titled “How to make our...

3 such as paralanguage and gestures in discourse) in extended texts or episodes of communication. Meta-discourse refers to the pragmatic...

Microethnography, sometimes called video-based ethnography, addresses “big” social and organizational issues through careful analysis of “small” moments of human activity....

The concept of power, who holds it and how they use it has been of great interest to almost every...

Transcribing is the process of representing, in written form, some stretch of lived activity. The resulting transcription provides a document...

Telephone talk has been a central communication practice and site of study since Shannon and Weaver developed their fundamental model...

Communication in today’s world is mediated by technologies in a multiplicity of ways. Telephones and mobile phones are integrated into...

Problems and troubles are a common aspect of human life; descriptions of these problems and troubles usually make relevant some...

Communication research has long recognized the centrality of storytelling in the construction of identities, relationships, and communities. Fisher (1987) went...

Speech codes are historically situated and socially constructed systems of symbols, meanings, premises, and rules about communicative conduct. The “speech”...

Internet career assessment is an emerging though complex endeavor based on multiple methods; it is under continuous development. This relatively...

Organizational initiatives focused on supporting employees’ careers, also referred to as “organizationally supported career management practices,” are geared toward career...

Job search is a process that consists of gathering information about potential job opportunities, generating and evaluating job alternatives, and...

Karl Ulrich Mayer describes institutional careers as the orderly flow of persons through segmented institutions. A number of scholars have...

Employed persons living close to or below the poverty line can be considered low-income workers. Some examples of occupations characterized...

Mentoring within the workplace is typically described as a relationship between two individuals, usually a senior and junior employee, in...

Organizations often seek to link pay to a measure of performance in order to attract, motivate, and retain the best...

When people talk, or even think, about careers, they typically use metaphors. A metaphor is a figure of speech in...

Early career theorists studied careers as a linear progression that generally corresponds to a person’s life span. They focused primarily...

The Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment (MTWA), developed by Rene Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist, provides a way of conceptualizing the...