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The word salience comes from the Latin word salire, “to go out,” as out of a door or gate. Salient...

Career satisfaction is an important variable in research on career development and other areas of inquiry dealing with occupations, work...

A career strategy is any behavior, activity, or experience designed to help a person meet career goals. A career strategy...

Career success can be defined as the positive material and psychological outcomes resulting from one’s work-related activities and experiences. This...

The term career transition has developed out of years of important and groundbreaking research and theoretical work on the process...

The link between social and occupational standing on the one hand and health on the other has long attracted interest....

The Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) is an internationally recognized resource for understanding and expanding the leadership capabilities of individuals...

College student career development refers to the processes involved in making career decisions and the outcomes of those decisions for...

Comparable worth is a policy implemented by a small number of state, local, and national governments to remedy wage disparities...

Computer-based career support (CBCS) systems are information and communication technology (ICT) applications aimed at assisting individuals in their careers through...

Naturalism is the term that summarizes the coherent philosophical application and generalization of the methods and conclusions of the sciences....

The universe, including the planet Earth, was established by means of natural evolution; the process and the result of the...

Nature, at its microphysical level, constitutes the subject matter of quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics. Never in the...

The Navajo have an amazingly rich history and cultural background. One of the best known Native American groups because of...

Nazca culture, also known as Nasca, flourished in southern Peru during the period around A.D. 1 to A.D. 700. The...

Although it is possible that early humans buried their dead for purely hygienic reasons or to discourage scavengers, many anthropologists...

Neandertals made their appearance midway through the 19th century, at a critical moment in intellectual history, when old but comfortable...

Neandertal sites are found throughout most of Europe, in Western Asia, and in parts of Central Asia. In the early...

Neandertals were a morphologically distinct human population that existed in Europe and Western Asia from about 200,000 to 30,000 BP...

What is the theoretical framework of modern biology? If we would question a professional biologist, or even an eager reader...

People ordinarily refrain from behaving in ways that violate their core moral standards because such conduct will bring self-censure. In...

Serving as an important safeguard against wrongful convictions, motions to suppress help keep evidence that was gathered improperly or unfairly...

In cases where a criminal’s identity is unknown to an eyewitness and investigators have not yet pinpointed a suspect, witnesses...

In its 1972 ruling in Neil v. Biggers, the U.S. Supreme Court outlined five criteria that should be used in...

The Novaco Anger Scale (NAS) is a self-report questionnaire with Cognitive, Arousal, and Behavioral subscales that constitute a 48-item NAS...

Obscenity is a unique legal phenomenon for three reasons. First, the defendant does not have to know the exact content...

As originally proposed by Kenneth Deffenbacher, the optimality hypothesis states that the likelihood of obtaining statistically reliable positive correlations of...

Involuntary outpatient civil commitment is a form of civil commitment in which a court orders an individual to receive treatment...

Parens patriae translates from the Latin as “father of the people” and is the legal principle that allows the state...

The Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) is a 78-item self-report instrument designed to measure mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of their relationship...

Introduction The health belief model (HBM) emerged from the work of U.S. public health researchers Godfrey Hochbaum, Stephen Kegels, Howard...

At the beginning of the 20th century acute diseases, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, and other infectious diseases, were the primary causes...

Helplessness refers to maladaptive passivity in situations where an active response can alleviate negative conditions or produce positive ones. Helplessness...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). AIDS, the final stage of the infection...

Historically, hostility is among the most widely and thoroughly investigated psychosocial risk factors for health. From the investigation of Type...

The generic term managed care refers to various administrative and financial arrangements to regulate the site, cost, and utilization of...

In both religious and nonreligious contexts, people have practiced a variety of forms of meditation for thousands of years. The...

Neuropsychology Definition and Historical Background The field of neuropsychology is concerned with the relationship between the brain and behavior. “Behavior”...

Good nutrition is vital for growth, health, and well-being throughout the life cycle. Nutritional status both preconceptionally and during pregnancy...

Optimism is typically defined by psychologists as (1) having a generally positive view of the future, (2) attributing negative life...

Political journalists, viewed through the lens of the editorial organization, are those who report on political affairs or work on...

Apology is an action in which one admits the wrongful nature of an act and one’s responsibility for it in...

Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (1895–1975) was a Russian philosopher, scholar, and cultural theorist who devoted his writings to the study of...

In interpersonal situations, language can be used to convey information about one’s personality, temperament, social status, group belonging, and so...

Communities of practice are groups of people who share similar interests and objectives. In pursuing these interests and objectives, they...

A central puzzle that people face is how to make possible communication that is otherwise difficult, impossible, or unimagined. Communication...

The concept of argument has a long history in communication. An argument is a concluding statement that claims legitimacy on...

Most radio and television programming encompasses talk in some form, but the term broadcast talk is usually understood as a...

Studies of business discourse examine how the work of a business institution gets accomplished through talk and texts. Academic and...

Conversation Analysis (CA) is a primary mode of inquiry for understanding how people talk with one another in everyday casual...