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Turnover is the separation of a member from an organization. Turnover can be categorized as voluntary (e.g., an employee voluntarily...

Underemployment is a multidimensional concept that refers to the underutilization of labor. The broadest conceptualization of underemployment refers to all...

The “misery index” of an economy refers to the sum of the unemployment rate and inflation rate. The inflation rate...

A “traditional” expatriate is an executive or employee of a company who relocates—often with his or her family or significant...

Vocational education in its broadest sense prepares individuals for their primary adult activity, usually paid employment. Preparation for entry into...

Vocational psychology, a specialty within applied psychology, is the study of vocational behavior and its development across the life cycle....

Welfare clients are highly aware of the stigma attached to welfare reliance and express a strong commitment to self-sufficiency. Employers...

Members of the business community often express concerns that the work ethic among employees has diminished. This perceived decline is...

In career development theory and counseling, vocational fitness is generally accepted to be the result of congruence between the characteristics...

There are two general perspectives on what work-family balance is, both of which are rooted in role theory. The traditional...

The words “magic” and “magical” are used in many different ways to refer to a huge variety of supernatural or...

The pre-Columbian empire and state system of the Incas of South America created Machu Picchu during the mid-15th century as...

Bronislaw Malinowski has been called the Joseph Conrad and Rider Haggard of anthropology, reflecting both his “romantic fascination with the...

With his ideas influencing lawyers, historians, sociologists, and others, Sir Henry Sumner Maine’s writings on law have been extremely influential....

At the end of each day, the world has more than 200,000 more mouths to feed than it had the...

Mana is the Polynesian and Melanesian concept of communicable supernatural power. This is a variant of a probably universal belief...

A mild fermented alcoholic beverage made from the starchy root of manioc, Manihot esculenta, is a domesticated woody perennial shrub....

Paul Thomas Mann was born on June 6, 1875, in Lübeck, Germany, and died August 12,1955, in Zurich, Switzerland. He...

Maori tribes today commemorate in song and dance how their ancestors came to the North Island of New Zealand in...

The English philosopher and anthropologist, Robert Ranulph Marett was known for his philosophical analysis concerning the evolution of religious beliefs...

The role of an eyewitness can be extremely important in the legal system, as eyewitness testimony and eyewitness identifications play...

Joinder is a legal term that refers to the combination of several counts, parties, or indictments in a single trial....

When a jury trial is conducted, community members who typically have no special legal training or knowledge are called on...

Over the past half-century, courts have implemented a host of reforms to the administrative processes involved in qualifying and summoning...

Many observers praise the abilities of juries in making decisions in both criminal and civil cases. Others, however, criticize the...

In American trials, the verdict is reached by either a judge or a jury, raising questions as to how these...

Jury deliberation begins when a trial ends and the jury moves to a secluded location to discuss the evidence and...

Juries have the implicit power to acquit defendants despite evidence and judicial instructions to the contrary. This power, called jury...

Jury questionnaires are often used during the voir dire process to help judges and attorneys identify prospective jurors who are...

Over the past 15 years, courts have begun implementing a host of reforms to the jury system in response to...

How Does Enjoyment Affect Athletes’ Motivation in Sport? Sport enjoyment has important motivational consequences and is incorporated into many theories...

Flow  is  a  special  psychological  state  of  total absorption  in  a  task.  When  in  flow,  athletes  are fully  focused  on ...

Emotion is an integral part of human functioning and can enhance or hinder individual and team performance. This entry defines...

Satisfaction is recognized as an important determinant of motivation and commitment in sport and exercise.  Although  researchers  and  practitioners have ...

Shame,  guilt,  pride,  and  embarrassment  are  considered  self-conscious  emotions  that  are  evoked by  self-reflection  and  self-evaluation.  They  are founded  in ...

Social  comparative  emotions  are  elicited  when there  is  a  reflection  and  comparison  of  one’s  personal  attributes  with  an  individual  or ...

Researchers have been studying the measurement properties, correlates, and outcomes of social physique  anxiety  (SPA)  for  more  than  two  decades....

A  master’s  degree  in  SP  may  lead  to  one  of five  main  options  (excluding  pursuing  a  doctoral degree). Athletic academic...

In order to prepare athletes for and support them during  transitions,  career  assistance  programs (CAPs)  have  been  developed  by  elite ...

Career  transitions  are  turning  phases  in  athletes’ career  development.  Therefore,  they  should  be first  defined  in  terms  of  their  place ...

Few topics interest lay people and scholars more than how men and women might differ from each other. Sex differences...

Numerous sources of perceived incompatibility can trigger interpersonal conflict. Sometimes one person’s goal clashes with another’s. Other times parties disagree...

Relationships are considered long-distance when opportunities for communication are restricted due to geographic constraints. Long-distance relationships (LDRs) are of interest...

Marital communication refers to the communication and social interaction that transpire between spouses. However, the study of marital communication is...

Marital typologies are classifications of marriages based on systematic differences among them. An assumption underlying the study of marital typologies...

Mediated social interaction refers to the interaction between two or more individuals, normally separated in time and/or space, enabled by...

“Negotiation” is derived from a Latin term that means “to conduct business,” and a great deal of research is focused...

Online relationships may form using real-time chats or email from associations originating in listservs, chatrooms, interactive games, social networking sites,...

Paralanguage refers to the nonverbal elements of speech – such as vocal pitch, intonation, and speaking tempo – that can...

Politeness theory is a sociolinguistic theory in the pragmatic tradition that was developed by Brown and Levinson, who extended Goffman’s...