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Stereotypes are beliefs about the characteristics of a group of people, which lead to expectations about what individual members of...

Organizational strategy refers to the overall positioning and competitive approach of an organization in the marketplace. Strategic management is the...

Stress is an experience that disrupts a person’s emotional and physical state, such as having too much work that causes...

Over four decades ago, Alvin Toffler predicted that our society would be affected by the Information Revolution due to technology...

Telecommuting is a flexible work arrangement in which organizational employees work from an alternate location, usually the home. This variant...

The use of 360° feedback (also called multirater or multisource feedback, full-circle appraisal, and group performance review) became highly popular...

Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s 1977 book Men and Women of the Corporation contributed to filling the gap between broad sociological and...

Toxic leadership exists in virtually every arena of social life. It takes a special toll, however, in the workplace, where...

Training and development (T&D) activities identify and ensure, through planned learning programs, the development of key competencies that enable individuals...

Tuition reimbursement is a popular benefit in which employers pay all or part of an employee’s tuition for college courses...

Ralph Linton was an American cultural anthropologist known for his academic bravado and popular appeal, as well as for his...

Konrad Lorenz was a founder of ethology, the biological study of animal behavior. Ethologists study animals in natural and seminatural...

Llano culture refers to late Pleistocene North American people on the Llano Estacado, or Southern High Plains, who used distinctive...

Four genera of lorises have traditionally been identified: Perodicticus (potto) and Arctocebus (angwantibo) of sub-Saharan Africa, Loris (slender loris) of...

Most of us, at one time in our lives, have probably wondered how we came about and what our ancestral...

Very little is known about the author Lucretius, whose full name was Titus Lucretius Carus. De Rerum Natura (DRN) [On...

Lucy is among the most famous fossil skeletons believed to represent an early stage of hominid evolution following separation of...

Charles Lyell was born in Kinnordy, Forfarshire, Scotland, on November 14, 1797, the eldest of 10 children. His father guided...

The Maasai live in rangelands in Kenya and Tanzania. Accurate census data are not available, but estimates of population numbers...

The macaques are successful Old World monkeys (family Cercopithecidae) that are members of the genus Macaca, of which there are...

Perhaps the ultimate form of eyewitness evidence is the identification of a suspect from a live or photo lineup, as...

The insanity defense is one of the most controversial legal defenses in the U.S. legal system, as demonstrated through the...

The Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA), passed by Congress in 1984, imposed a uniform standard for legal insanity that applies...

As recently as the mid-20th century, the U.S. public mental health system consisted largely of the state hospitals. These hospitals,...

The instructions given to a witness prior to the presentation of a lineup have an important influence on how the...

The Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI) is a semi-structured assessment device designed to help examiners explore systematically the domain of psycholegal...

The interrogation of those suspected of wrongdoing, although of great importance to society, has not been researched extensively compared with...

The phrase intimate partner violence encompasses a pattern of psychological and emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and stalking between...

The Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT) is a screening tool developed for the purpose of identifying mentally disordered offenders in...

Early studies by Martin Orne on demand effects and Robert Rosenthal on experimenter expectancy effects established the impact of a...

Extraversion–introversion  is  a  personality  factor that refers to the degree to which a person’s basic orientation  is  turned  inward  (toward ...

Athletes are confronted with a variety of stressors, challenges,  and  adversities,  external  (e.g.,  hostile crowds, referee errors, challenged by an...

Optimism  is  an  expectation  for  positive  or  desirable  outcomes  to  occur.  Viewed  by  some  as  an inherent  and  evolutionarily  adaptive ...

Perfectionism  is  a  personality  disposition  characterized  by  striving  for  flawlessness  and  setting  exceedingly  high  standards  for  performance, accompanied  by  tendencies ...

Personality is typically defined as a person’s distinctive and enduring (i.e., cross-situational) thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the person’s...

Personality  differences  among  individuals  can  be explained  in  relation  to  their  individual  differences in need patterns. Individuals possess various needs—very ...

The  iceberg  profile  in  sport  is  a  visual  representation  of  desirable  emotional  health  status, characterized  by  low  raw  scores  on ...

Emotion  is  a  central  feature  of  many  sporting events. Athletes, as well as supporters, can experience many emotions, including joy,...

Affect, also referred to as core affect, is the basic substrate  of  consciousness,  its  most  elementary constituent.  It  is  the ...

Emotional  feelings  are  fundamental  aspects  of human  experience.  In  sport,  emotions  have  powerful influences on athletes’ thoughts and actions. The...

Communicator style has been conceptualized by Robert Norton (1978, 99) “to mean the way one verbally and paraverbally interacts to...

Kinesics is the study of bodily movement, including gestures, posture, and movement of the head, arms, legs, or torso (Birdwhistell...

A goal-oriented perspective on communication entails the assumption that social interaction is an instrument for achieving objectives. Communication is the...

Imagined interactions are a type of social cognition and mental imagery, theoretically grounded in symbolic interactionism, in which individuals imagine...

As a fundamental interpersonal process, impression management is an important concept in any communication context. Impression management refers to the...

People often try to get others to like them when initiating and intensifying romances, friendships, and even brief encounters. When...

When people first meet, interaction is likely to be guided by issues associated with uncertainty and self-presentation. Both mutual uncertainty...

In interpersonal encounters, people are usually responsive and adaptive to others. Their gestures, voices, and words take on the quality...

Philosophical, empirical, and popular inquiries into what causes people to be attracted to one another are as old as humanity....

Every act and artifact of communication is open to evaluations of its quality, i.e., how well it was accomplished. Because...