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One of the primary aims of self-leadership is to achieve higher performance and effectiveness through behavioral and cognitive strategies that...

Self-monitoring refers to the extent to which one attends to social cues and attempts to adapt behavior to control the...

Discrimination refers to a person’s behavior toward another based on the other’s social characteristics, such as age, sex, ethnicity, or...

Sexual harassment is behavior of a sexual nature that harms those exposed to it. The behavior may be intentional or...

Although gay men and lesbians constitute between 4 percent and 17 percent of the workforce, a larger proportion than many...

By the mid-1990s, 1 of every 4 families in the United States with children under 18 was a single-parent family,...

An inclusive understanding of the concept views social capital as the potential resources derived from an individual’s social relationships as...

People work at an incredibly wide number of jobs. A major question is How can we explain how people find...

Socioeconomic status (SES) is the relative position of a family or individual along a hierarchical social structure, based on access...

Although the desire to experience and express spirituality in one’s work appears to be on the increase, there are two...

Theorists who have written about the human life cycle include Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Erik Erickson, and Daniel...

Willard Frank Libby was an American chemist whose technique of carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating provided an extremely valuable tool for...

The concept of life belongs to the basic cognitive endowment of every human. This deep anchoring makes it difficult to...

One of the questions that has troubled humankind ever since it began to think about its position in the universe...

Segmentary lineage systems are a form of decentralized and egalitarian social organization consisting of nested groups vested with the responsibility...

One of the most important tasks of historical or comparative linguistics is to try to establish a relationship between or...

Historical linguistics is a subfield of linguistics that studies language in its historical aspects. It investigates a language or languages...

Transformation grammar is a way of viewing syntax first proposed in 1957 by Noam Chomsky, the most influential linguist of...

Descriptive linguistics is a subfield of linguistics that studies and describes language in structural terms. In its investigation of linguistic...

Carolus Linnaeus, the originator of the system of classification of animals and plants that we still use today, was eventually...

Hallucinations are abnormal sensory perceptions of stimuli that occur in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations can be visual, auditory,...

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (2nd edition, PCL-R) is a 20-item rating scale for the measurement of the clinical construct of...

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) is a 12-item symptom-construct rating scale designed for use by expert observers to...

The construct of psychopathy as applied to children and adolescents has received increasing attention in recent years. Many researchers and...

The HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme is a 20-item violence risk assessment tool, accompanied by a 97-page user’s manual. It...

The rules of evidence regarding the admissibility of hearsay testimony are complex, but in general, the law treats hearsay as...

Computed across a lifespan of 75 years, there is a 1 in 200 chance that an individual in the United...

The Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT) was developed as a brief screening measure for assessing a patient’s capacity to provide...

The use of hypnosis to enhance the memory of a witness to a crime often results not only in some...

What is the impact on juror verdicts of inadmissible evidence that surfaces in the courtroom and of judicial instruction to...

Obesity is commonly defined as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2or higher. Increasing rates of obesity in  many  countries ...

Traditional  approaches  to  helping  individuals change  health  behaviors  focus  on  reflective  processes.  In  other  words,  in  these  approaches,  the first...

Mental health has been described as the emotional and spiritual resilience that enables people to enjoy life and to survive...

Quality of life (QOL) assessments are instrumental in  developing  a  more  comprehensive  understanding of the efficacy of disease prevention and...

Resistance training (RT), also commonly  referred to as strength training or weight training, is a form of  anaerobic  exercise  that ...

The “runner’s high” is a euphoric sensation reportedly experienced during running, usually unexpectedly, in which the runner feels a heightened...

Exercise  psychology  has  evolved  from  sport  and health psychologies and has involved the study of psychological  antecedents  (e.g.,  motivational  and...

Sleep  is  critical  to  normal  physiological  and  psychological  function,  and  people  spend  nearly  one third of their lives asleep. Usual sleep...

Social  marketing  employs  commercial  marketing strategies  to  try  to  solve  social  problems  and  to effect  voluntary  behavior  change.  An  important...

Personality has been defined as the relatively stable organization of an individual’s character, temperament,  intellect,  and  physique,  which  shapes  the...

A communication rule is a description of a communicative regularity relevant to social interaction. The communicative regularities contained within rules...

Friendship refers to a broad category of interpersonal relationships communicatively accomplished with peers and characterized by voluntary, reciprocated, nonromantic affection...

When people use cues other than words to communicate, they often think first of facial expressions. Facial expressions involve movements...

People use their eyes during social interaction in three primary ways: looking in the direction of the other person’s face,...

Every face-to-face interaction occurs in a specific location. Although it is typically assumed that the course of particular interactions is...

Disclosure, as a type of interpersonal communication, means revealing private information that individuals believe they own and have a right...

Deceit is part and parcel of daily life. It not only frequents news headlines in conjunction with political chicanery, corporate...

The “truth-bias,” the expectation that, normally, one tells the truth, is proposed to be the cornerstone of humanity (Bok 1978)....

Much research attention has been devoted to identifying the factors that affect people’s ability to detect others’ deceptive acts. Communication...

Dating relationships have no uniform defining characteristics. They have romantic or sexual overtones, occur between two people who are not...