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Retraining has taken on increased significance over the past two decades as globalization and economic restructuring in many Western, industrialized...

Reverse discrimination claims often arise out of an employer’s attempt to honor either affirmative action programs or diversity initiatives focusing...

Scholars as well as business practitioners have long recognized the importance of mentoring for organizations and the people in them....

There are two primary views of role models. One, the traditional view, depicts role models as persons critical to an...

Sabbaticals, which were first introduced at Harvard in 1880, have become a form of paid leave offered to faculty by...

As the concept of lifelong learning is embraced by more and more people, school-to-work transitions (STW transitions) are now likely...

Awareness is a central concept in career development. It has been defined as a relatively complete and accurate perception of...

Throughout the history of career development, ideas about the self-concept have played a critical role in theory development, research, and...

The concept of self-efficacy, as originated by Albert Bandura of Stanford University, has become one of the major variables used...

Self-esteem is of central importance to the psycholog­ical health and well-being of individuals in Western cultures. This importance is well...

Law and society designates a three-way concern with the nature of law, society, and the relation between them. Two main...

Meave Leakey seems to have the philosophy that if we can understand our past, we should be in a better...

The paleontologist Richard Leakey was born and raised in Kenya, son of the famous paleontologist team, Louis and Mary Leakey....

Legends are stories believed by the narrator to be true. Most stories, therefore, are based on actual experience or observations...

Extant lemurs inhabit the island of Madagascar along with other prosimians, the indriids and the aye-aye. Among the former are...

Born in 1870, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, who later changed his name to Vladimir Lenin, was the son of a civil...

Leonardo da Vinci represented the transitional stage between the early period of the Renaissance, with its humanist links to Classical...

The Levalloisian tradition is a Lower and Middle Paleolithic method of stone tool production whereby stone flakes are removed from...

Emmanuel Levinas was a major figure in postwar French philosophy, although he was born in Lithuania. Significantly, he was Jewish...

The anthropologist, philosopher, and sociologist Lucien Lévy-Bruhl is known for his controversial understanding of the minds of indigenous people. His...

Fingerprints and other friction ridges of the skin have a persistent structure that often leaves characteristic evidence at crime scenes....

A fitness-for-duty evaluation (FFDE) is just what the term suggests, an evaluation of an individual’s fitness to do his or...

The Fitness Interview Test-Revised (FIT-R) is an instrument designed for use by mental health professionals in evaluations of competence to...

Forced confabulation can occur if an individual erroneously incorporates into his or her memory of an event, self-generated information that...

This paper discusses the involuntary administration of psychotropic medication, which continues to be one of the most controversial issues in...

The evaluation of competence to stand trial is by far the most common forensic evaluation conducted. It has been estimated...

The Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights were originally developed in the 1970s by Thomas Grisso as...

Guardianship is the process by which one individual (a legal guardian) is appointed by a court to care for the...

The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS 1 and GSS 2) are clinical instruments designed to assess levels of interrogative suggestibility. The...

The guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) verdict is a verdict option that enables juries and judges to find a defendant...

Control  has  been  conceptualized  in  many  different  ways  in  psychological  literature,  but  the prototype  for  control  is  the  belief  that ...

The  dualistic  model  of  passion  (DMP)  describes two  types  of  passion,  namely  harmonious  and obsessive  passion.  This  model  allows  for ...

The  protection  motivation  theory  (PMT)  originally aimed at explaining why people develop protection motivation and what role fear-appeals play in...

Reinforcement  and  punishment  are  common  verbal and nonverbal responses to successes and failures in sport, exercise, and rehabilitation contexts. These...

Self-determination theory (SDT) is a metatheory of human motivation and personality that addresses autonomous  behaviors  and  the  conditions  and processes...

Social cognitive theory (SCT), promulgated by psychologist Albert Bandura, has been used widely to explain  health  behaviors  across  different  populations. ...

The  strength  model  of  self-control  was  proposed by  Roy  Baumeister,  an  eminent  social  psychologist, to describe how individuals can control...

Just as businesses and organizations require effective  leadership  behaviors  in  order  to  grow  and develop successfully, it has been suggested...

The  Transtheoretical  Model  of  Behavior  Change (TTM)   was   originally   developed   by   James O. Prochaska and Carlo C. DiClemente for understanding ...

In the past 30 years, personality researchers have amassed  a  considerable  body  of  evidence  to  support  the  importance  of  traits ...

The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) is the result of a political proposal concerning media and communication issues...

TeleSur was a television initiative launched in July 2005 and spearheaded by the government of Venezuela, in cooperation with three...

Time Warner is the world’s leading multimedia conglomerate, with operations in filmed entertainment, broadcast and cable television, Internet services and...

The term “tourism industry” covers a wide range of services, activities, and commodities, bound together in a complex network of...

UNESCO – the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization – is a specialized UN agency, founded in 1945, and...

Established in 1931, Vatican Radio (VR) is one of the world’s oldest international broadcasting services. Its birth can be traced...

Voice of America (VOA) is a multilingual international broadcasting service funded by the US government, which, since its creation in...

War propaganda fuses international and domestic processes in communicating one or more nations as the “Other,” as worthy en masse...

Comforting communication encompasses the verbal and nonverbal messages that people use when trying to reduce others’ emotional anguish. Thus, comforting...

Communication apprehension refers to one’s anxious feelings about communication. McCroskey defines communication apprehension as “an individual’s level of fear or...