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Considered by many scholars to be a historically significant conceptual development in the study of social cognition, implicit personality theories...

The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion, developed by Richard Petty, John Cacioppo, and their collaborators, is an example of...

In the typical demonstration of dual coding, a list consisting of an equal number of pictures and words is presented...

Discourse comprehension is the act of interpreting a written or spoken message by integrating the incoming information into the memory...

As Phillips (2000) observes, the term constructivism is associated with numerous doctrines and positions in the social sciences, but in...

Human beings are uniquely able to understand sophisticated concepts through the use of language. Issues relating to comprehension encompass a...

The term compliance gaining refers to interactions during which one participant attempts to convince a second to perform some desired...

The Latin root of “communication” – communicare – means “to share” or “to be in relation with.” Through Indo-European etymological...

Communication anxiety/avoidance is one of the most studied phenomena in the field of communication. Communication apprehension (CA) is defined as...

Cognition refers to (1) the wide variety of mental entities we locate within the mind, including thoughts, meanings, ideas, attitudes,...

Career counseling competencies consist of the knowledge, skills, and personal attributes that career counselors need to deliver quality services to...

An individual engages in career exploration as a way of gathering information about self and the environment, with a goal...

The child care market was largely irrelevant to professional careers during the historical period when most professionals were White men...

Churning the workforce is an approach to talent management that relies on use of the outside labor market to meet...

Vocational choice is a search for a life career that fits one’s concept of self, both socially and psychologically. According...

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the wake of the assassination of...

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is compromise legislation passed after a heated two-year political struggle and ambitiously amended Title...

There is an old adage, “Give people a fish and they eat for a day, but teach them how to...

Collective bargaining is an activity that takes place between workers and employers. It can be defined as the ongoing process...

Compensation encompasses myriad schemes that organizations use for providing their employees money in return for their labor. When designing and...

Thor Heyerdahl, noted explorer and author, was born in Larvik, Norway, on October 6,1914. After studying zoology and geography at...

Hinduism is arguably one of the most difficult of the major world religious traditions to accurately define and explain in...

Historicism is a theory of discerning the past truth from the study of history with man at the pivot. It...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the retro-virus responsible for the clinical spectrum of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Once infected...

Virtually all fields of science are afflicted to some extent by hoaxes. Anthropology is no different, with each of its...

Born April 5, 1588, in Westport, England, Thomas Hobbes claimed that his birth was premature due to his mother’s fear...

E. Adamson Hoebel was an American anthropologist whose major contribution to anthropology and other social sciences was the development of...

One of the most important discoveries of recent times, related to our origins, is the verification of a close genetic...

Hominoids are the superfamily to which apes and humans belong. Hominoids are distinguished from cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys), the catarrhine...

Homo erectus (literally “upright man”) is an extinct hominin that lived between 1.8 million and 50,000 years ago. The first...

Definition and Incidence Parental abduction of a child occurs when a member of the child’s family, or someone acting on...

Children are warned not to talk to strangers, but this focus is misguided. It puts the burden on (potential) child...

For the public, prosecution of child abuse is marked more by notoriety than knowledge. Ever since child abuse began to...

Before exploring the reality that there are pedophilic parents, families, and like-minded others who derive pleasure from inflicting ritual abuse-torture,...

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a form of child abuse resulting in an inflicted traumatic brain injury (TBI) thought to...

Sibling abuse is one of the more controversial areas of domestic violence. It is also one of the more common...

Assessing the risks of elder abuse involves applying what has been discovered about this type of abuse through research to...

Statutory and Organizational Responses to Elder Abuse The Older Americans Act (OAA) became law on July 14, 1965. Among the...

Elder abuse in community settings (referred to as domestic elder abuse) has been the last form of family violence to...

Elder abuse is one of the more controversial subjects in domestic violence. Many people do not want to hear about...

Mental  rehearsal  is  an  umbrella  term  that  covers several  techniques  used  by  athletes  and  exercisers  to  improve  performance.  It  happens ...

Mindfulness  is  a  state  of  non-judging  awareness and acceptance of internal experiences. This state has been achieved through evidence-driven mindfulness-based...

Multimodal mental training, also known as mental  skills  training  or  psychological  skills  training (PST),  involves  educating  athletes,  coaches,  and exercisers ...

The effects of music in sport and exercise contexts have  been  of  interest  to  researchers  for  over  100 years.  Recent ...

Traditionally, sport psychologists have placed great value on athletes thinking positively about upcoming  and  imminent  performances.  Compared  with practicing  sport ...

Preperformance  routines  refer  to  the  consistent sequence  of  thoughts  and  actions  in  which  a  performer engages before executing a skill....

Psychological  skills  training  (PST)  involves  training  athletes  and  exercisers  to  learn  psychological skills  (e.g.,  relaxation  skills)  that  help  these  performers ...

Rest  is  the  cessation  of  activity.  Rest  is  of  interest  within  sport  and  exercise  psychology  because performance  and  learning  in  sport ...

Participation  in  sport  and  exercise  requires  self-regulation.  Examples  of  self-regulation  include an  individual  fighting  the  urge  to  stop  during  an...

Self-talk  refers  to  statements  that  athletes  and exercisers address to themselves; these might represent automatic verbalizations or more deliberate forms...