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Attitudes have long been a focus of study by social scientists. In the first edition of the Handbook of social...

When most people think of memory, they tend to think of a place in which information is put and stored...

It was the Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus who first observed that nature had provided two ears but one tongue that...

The limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP) is the most recent version of a data-driven model that...

Stereotypes are typically conceived of as cognitive categorizations of people into groups that are accompanied by descriptors of group members....

Self-concept plays an important role in information processing by facilitating the processing of self-relevant information, enhancing retrieval of relevant information,...

“Individual differences” (also known as “differential psychology”) is the area of psychology concerned with the scientific understanding of how, why,...

The term “goal” refers to a future state of affairs that a person wishes to attain or maintain. Goals prompt...

The goal of the extended parallel process model (EPPM) is to provide guidance on how to manage fear generated from...

Emotion is a core part of human experience and, as such, plays a central role in numerous aspects of human...

Antisocial work behaviors are typically broadly defined as physical and verbal assaults, threats, coercion, intimidation, and various forms of harassment...

An apprenticeship is defined as the service or condition of an apprentice, the state in which a person is gaining...

Blue-collar workers, or the working class, comprise a segmented and stratified population in which economic location influences potential career mobility....

The boundaryless career concept widens our perspective toward a range of possible career forms both within and across organizations, but...

As the workforce ages, career counselors will increasingly be working with older workers, especially adults who work during retirement. Career...

The concept of career anchors evolved from research on adult development. Most of career theory focuses on selection of an...

The increasing specialization of today’s more diverse and technologically advanced labor market challenges employees and job seekers alike to continually...

The comprehensive college and university career center is a uniquely American phenomenon that has evolved over the past 100 or...

Career coaching has become a popular form of career development services since the mid-1980s. The International Coach Federation has estimated...

Career construction theory provides a way of thinking about how individuals choose and use work. The theory presents a model...

Marvin Harris is one of the most prominent contributors to 20th-century anthropological theory. He is best known as the originator...

Barbara Harrisson is an art historian, archaeologist, and naturalist renowned for her work on primate conservation and the prehistory of...

The developed world has transformed from industrialized societies organized around the production of goods by machines into technocracies: societies organized...

Shirley Brice Heath is professor emeritus of linguistics and English at Stanford University and has made significant contributions to both...

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born on August 27, 1770, in Stuttgart, Germany, and died on November 18, 1831, in...

The fields of phenomenology and existential philosophy found a powerful voice in Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher best known for...

In the mid-to late 19th century, the eminent linguist, Orientalist, and comparative religions scholar Max Müller (1823-1900), one of the founders...

Heraclitus was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, born in circa 540 in Greek colony of Ephesus, in Ionia, Asia Minor, where...

Hermeneutics is both the science and art of interpretation and understanding and has been applied to a broad span of...

Melville Jean Herskovits spent most of his career in the anthropology department of Northwestern University, which served as a base...

Child abuse and neglect affects millions worldwide, and the issues surrounding this social problem are remarkably similar regardless of economic...

So much attention has been given by researchers and professionals to the critical link between child abuse and juvenile delinquency...

Child abuse and neglect continues to be a major concern in the United States. Reports of child maltreatment have increased...

Many children are victims of violence in the home. Over three million cases of sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect...

Many researchers believe that child neglect, or a failure to provide for some basic need of a child, is one...

Child sexual abuse (CSA), a social problem of endemic proportions, has existed in all historical eras and societies (Conte 1994;...

The psychic pain and debilitating effects, both short- and long-term, experienced by children who witness parental violence frequently goes unnoticed...

Filicide is the act of intentionally killing one’s own son or daughter. Although filicide can refer to the killing of...

In recent decades, domestic violence has been accepted as a painful reality—one that law enforcement officials, social workers, health care...

Munchausen by proxy syndrome (MBP) is a form of child abuse in which a caretaker, usually the mother, exaggerates, fabricates,...

Athletes  are  often  faced  with  a  variety  of  factors that can throw off their focus on the athletic task, such ...

Cognitive restructuring is a technique that is commonly taught to athletes by sport psychologists in which  self-defeating  thoughts  and  negative ...

Several sources of evidence reveal that concentration, or the ability to focus on what is most important in any situation...

Coping  refers  to  conscious  and  effortful  cognitions  and  behaviors  used  by  the  athlete  to  manage the perceived demands of a...

A  goal  is  simply  something  you  are  trying  to accomplish;  it  is  the  object  or  aim  of  an  action. Although ...

Energizing  strategies,  sometimes  called  activation strategies,  are  primarily  designed  to  increase  the task-specific level of performer’s mental and physical  activity. ...

In  the  year  2000,  psychologists  Martin  Seligman and  Mihaly  Csikszentmihalyi  were  authors  of  an influential article proposing a new focus...

The  term  hypnosis  is  often  shrouded  in  misconception,  myth,  and  apprehension  because  most views  about  hypnosis  are  influenced  by  entertainment ...

Imagery  involves  internally  experiencing  a  situation that mimics a real experience without experiencing the real thing. As a conscious process...

A mental block is the inability to cognitively process thoughts or recall information. The effect can potentially interfere with performance....