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Race can be understood as a concept that signifies meanings and struggles over power in reference to skin  color.  Within ...

Stereotyping  represents  a  category-driven,  formulaic,  and  oversimplified  process  of  making  broad-brush  suppositions  and  generalizations  about  a group of people to...

Perception  brings  us  into  contact  with  people, objects,   and   places   within   the   environment. Perception  relies  on  sensory  systems  that  enable...

Special effects are those techniques employed in moving image technologies to provide images other than those recorded by simply opening...

The term “spectacle” refers to an event or image that is particularly striking in its visual display, to the point...

The concept of the spectator gaze was central to the development of theories of cinema and art history, emerging primarily...

A star is an individual who is highly celebrated and deemed exceptional in a particular field or profession. The term...

Stock photography is the name given to a particular type of standardized commercial imagery. This largely consists of clichéd photographs...

As a body of work structuralism assumes that social life and meaning are organized by a set of deep structures...

Symbols are linguistic devices in which complex, culturally specific meanings are communicated simply. Nearly all human utterance is in some...

The idea that popular culture consists of distinct “taste cultures” was developed by Herbert Gans (1974) as an alternative to...

Since the advent of the post-World War II era, television has functioned as the quintessential mass medium. Television’s status as...

The emergence of television news programs in the late 1940s in the US marked a major historical development in the...

It is a phenomenon that can be observed in all industrialized societies that media use is connected with demographic factors....

Populism, a notoriously ambiguous concept, is a political ideology emphasizing the central role of the “ordinary people” in the political...

The term “mood management” stands for a theory that aims to predict people’s choices from media messages. The audience is...

Multitasking may be defined as the performance of two or more informationprocessing activities simultaneously. The term originated in computer science...

The concept of navigation refers to the interpretation of user actions in hypermedia as a movement through virtual space. Navigation...

The news audience is the sub-group of the general media audience that is exposed to newspapers, news magazines, television news,...

The term “parasocial interaction” (PSI) was first used by Horton and Wohl (1956) to describe viewers’ responses to media characters...

Perception is an ambiguous term and is used in many different ways, at least in the field of communication. Perhaps...

Variations in preferences for media content highlight the importance of how the diversity of the viewing audience affects exposure and...

Playing is always communication. It does not matter whether a child interacts in solitary play with a pretend object, whether...

Environmental Science Careers Background Environmental science careers have expanded rapidly in the last 35 years, and just about everybody expects...

Fashion Careers Background Clothing has been worn by people of all cultures since prehistoric times; its basic function was to...

Fire Fighting Careers Background Fire kills more Americans than all natural disasters combined. The United States had an average of...

Film Careers Background In the Woody Allen film Annie Hall, Allen tells Diane Keaton, “A relationship is like a shark...

Food Processing Careers Background As a fundamental human need, food always has played a central part in our lives. Our...

Foreign Trade Careers Background Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between nations. It has been an important...

Government Careers Background George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and our nation’s other founders had an amazing amount of foresight...

Grocery Store Careers Background Family celebrations and traditions across the world have one thing in common—food. From a simple breakfast...

Health Care Careers Background The origins of medicine began with prehistoric people who believed that diseases were derived from supernatural...

Home Furnishing Careers Background The home furnishings industry consists of three general areas: interior design, furniture, and silverware and other...

The nuclear family is one type of conjugal, or marriage-based, family, consisting of a husband, wife, and their children who...

Although efforts toward a cross-cultural definition of family are beset by difficulty and disagreement, in anthropological writings, different congregations of...

The scholarly writings of 20th-century American philosopher Marvin Farber owed a great deal to the field of anthropology and the...

The Fayoum is a region located 60 km southwest of Cairo and contains archaeological remains from the past 12,000 years....

In the beginning of “the people,” the commensality and feasting had birthed a social mechanism, a central theme in our...

Feminism has been defined as a belief that women have been treated unfairly in society and that the situation should...

Biologically, fertility is the ability to reproduce and bear children. The term also refers to the fertility of land, animals,...

Feuding is a series of revenge-based killings that not only result in the loss of human life but also contribute...

German philosopher Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach is noted for his materialistic philosophy of human existence. Born in Bavaria, Feuerbach was raised...

The various ways anthropologists conduct research in naturalistic settings, or in the field, are called field methods. They include participation...

Perhaps because so much adult education takes place outside the boundaries of formal educational institutions, sociologists have devoted less scholarly...

If we consider deviance as a breach of expectations, then any organization or occupation is likely to provide distinct opportunities...

The bell curve, also known as the normal distribution, provides a foundation for the majority of statistical procedures currently used...

The term bilingual education is used to refer to a variety of different language programs in schools with different goals...

The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas stands as the most significant Supreme Court decision in the...

In 1991, Minnesota passed the first charter school law in the United States, allowing state funds to support schools that...

The distant predecessors of colleges and universities go back in the West to the Greek academies of the fourth and...