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Energy Careers Background For most of human history, fire was the main source of energy. Wood, charcoal, then coal provided...

Engineering Careers Background A lot of brainpower goes into engineering—a lot of knowledge, creativity, thoughtfulness, and pure hard work. Humankind...

Entrepreneur Careers Background Have you ever baby-sat neighborhood kids? Mowed a lawn or two in the summer? Run a lemonade...

Evolutionary epistemology considers the scientific processes and bounds of knowledge, with an emphasis on natural selection as the crucial source...

The obvious as well as the ideal place from which to begin a consideration both of social Darwinism and of...

Ontology is that branch of philosophy that asks what exists. Traditionally, this has been understood to mean what kinds of...

Excavation is one of the most commonly known and used techniques of archaeological investigation. It involves the systematic removal of...

Exobiology is the scientific search for life-forms existing elsewhere in this universe, whereas exoevolution involves speculating on the adaptive histories...

From the Greek evxoZ + yapco (“out” + “to marry”), exogamy is the marital rule according to which the spouse...

Extinction is a word commonly associated with undesirable, catastrophic loss of entire populations or species. However, extinction is as much...

Human skeletal remains of Late Pleistocene antiquity were recovered from several caves and open-air sites in Sri Lanka during the...

Brian Fagan (b. 1936) is arguably one of the world’s most influential archaeologists, in that he has reached thousands of...

Extended families, more so than nuclear families, are characterized by great variation in type and form. The term extended family...

Family life has undergone dramatic change in recent decades, especially in relation to family structure. Marked increases in union dissolution...

Same sex marriage refers to a union by two people of the same sex that is legally sanctioned by the...

A growing interest in old siblings reflects the potential increase in their importance at a time when union dissolution is...

Sibling ties are some of the most widespread and enduring intimate relationships. Located at the border of kinship and friendship,...

Stepfamilies are common throughout the industrialized world. In the US nearly everyone marries, and about half of the marriages include...

Stepfamilies are becoming increasingly com mon in contemporary developed societies, with the vast majority (in heterosexual families) comprising a stepfather...

Stepmothers are women who marry or cohabit with partners who have children from prior unions. This broad definition of stepmothers...

There has been a slow but discernible increase in sociological interest in the experience of widowhood in later life in...

In the broadest perspective, education refers to all efforts to impart knowledge and shape values; hence, it has essentially the...

Traditionally, literacy has meant the ability to read and write. As the cognitive skill requirements of work and daily life...

Black Guerrilla Family (BGF) prison gang is one of the most politically revolutionary prison and street gangs in the United...

The Bloods is a street gang that originated in South Central Los Angeles, CA, in the early 1970s. Bloods are...

The Crips is primarily, but not exclusively, an African American gang (i.e., a durable, street-oriented youth group whose involvement in...

Drug trafficking can include the sale, large-scale purchase, cultivation, manufacture, processing, and transportation of illegal, addictive, and sometimes mind-altering drugs....

One of the significant issues confronting the global community in the 21st century is the increasing frequency and spread of...

The Mara Salvatrucha 13 gang was formed by Ernesto Miranda and Julio Cesar in 1980 as a means of defense...

According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Mexican drug trafficking groups, commonly called cartels, pose the greatest criminal threat to...

The Mexican Mafia is a prison gang, being the first such gang to establish extralegal governance over prison inmates as...

Ñeta is an international Puerto Rican prison and street gang. Although there is not a consensus on how to identify...

This article examines Nuestra Familia, a major Latino prison gang in the United States and one of the earliest of...

Research physician Hans Selye introduced the concept of stress to the life sciences and later defined stress as the organism’s response...

‘‘Battered woman syndrome’’ (BWS) is a descriptive term that refers to a pattern of psychological and behavioral symptoms found in...

Introduction Leaving an abusive relationship is difficult for many women. On average, battered women attempt to leave abusive partners approximately...

Family violence and its many forms is certainly not a new phenomenon. It has existed since the beginning of time...

Society has now come to the knowledge that domestic violence is a serious preventable crime. Researchers have concluded that domestic...

Each year, millions experience violence in their intimate relationships; most cases are of infrequent and noninjurious incidents, but an alarming...

Intimate partner violence is a phrase that refers to acts of violence such as unwanted physical or sexual force, withholding...

It is a rare battered woman who does not find herself in the middle of a legal problem at some...

Men represent half of all domestic violence victims (Archer 2000; Straus and Gelles 1990) and incur between 21 percent and...

Domestic violence first became a focal point of public and professional attention in the 1970s, but issues impacting lesbian, gay,...

Magazines use the aesthetic and rhetorical strategies of graphic design to produce style codes, which define the identity of the...

A mask is a facial representation worn by performers and exists in a continuum with puppetry, which often represents the...

Metaphor is widely regarded as a basic linguistic form in nearly all types of discourse. In contrast to early thinking...

On an evening newscast a news story about the US president includes a file photo of the White House in...

The visitor to a museum engages in a dialogue, enters a political space, or constructs a visual legacy, all of...

Newspaper design refers to the process of planning, selecting, organizing and arranging the typography, photographs, illustrations, and graphics of newspapers....

 “Nollywood” – the Nigerian direct-to-video film industry – has become the third largest film industry in the world, producing a...