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Understanding the historical practices of painting is significant for communication studies because in nearly all cultures these practices embody the...

Perspective refers to the graphic representation on a flat surface of an optical sense of depth associated with natural stereoscopic...

The word photography comes from the Greek ϕωτoς (photos) and γρaϕειν (graphein), meaning to write with light. From its invention...

We live in an increasingly diverse world, not only in terms of ethnic heritage, but also in the forms of...

One of the most challenging tasks in research on media exposure is quantifying the amount of film viewing. Currently, people...

How has the spread of the Internet been studied and explained? Numerous studies have established that the spread of Internet...

In democratic societies “being informed” is regarded as part of the citizen’s duty in order to form a political opinion...

Research on exposure to television builds a large and heterogeneous field with one common denominator. Studies of television viewing try...

Radio is the medium with the highest relevance for media users in daily life – at least with respect to...

The term “print media” can be defined in different ways. In its broadest sense the term is used for a...

The past three decades have witnessed a considerable increase in empirical research into the origins, contents, and effects of people’s...

Habituation is a decrement in response to repeated stimuli. It is a learning mechanism through which organisms are able to...

Identification with media characters is a key component of viewers’ propensity to become engaged and involved in media content. Identification...

Airline Careers Background The first recorded flight of a human being took place in 1783 when French inventors Joseph and...

Alternative Medicine Careers Background The United States has been involved in an escalating health care crisis since the 1980s. Alternative...

Animal care involves the care and maintenance of animals, both wild and domestic. The animal care field includes the training...

Automotive Careers Background The automotive industry plays a vital and powerful role in world economies, in terms of the value...

Banking and Finance Careers Background Banking Banking in the United States emerged immediately after the Revolutionary War. The First Bank...

Biology Careers Background Life has many different levels of organization from the atom to complex organisms, to whole populations and...

Book Publishing Careers Background The earliest known books were the clay tablets of Mesopotamia and the papyrus rolls of Egypt....

Broadcasting Careers Background For centuries people have sought to improve methods of communicating over long distances. In 1895 an Italian...

Chemistry Careers Background Modern chemistry can trace its birth to the large-scale production of alkalis and alkaline salts of potassium...

Construction Careers Background Construction is an industry field that includes the erection, maintenance, and repair of buildings and other immobile...

Mitochondrial Eve is the name given to the idea that the mitochondrial DNA in all modern humans can be traced...

The Nature of Evil The notion of evil is complex but usually involves some combination of or interplay between four...

One must distinguish between the fact of organic evolution and those different interpretations of this process that are offered in...

Ethnoscience is the study of what native people know about the world around them, including biology, zoology, and astronomy. This...

The Abrahamic religions (that is, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) all have fundamentalist schools and denominations that believe in the inerrancy...

Several major models have been used to represent organic evolution on earth. These models include the arc, line, spiral, circle,...

Inspired by the scientific framework of organic evolution, paleoanthropologists continue to be very successful in discovering the diversified remains of...

Theories of molecular evolution try to explain the natural history of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is the material carrier of...

Evolution, in the modern sense, refers to changes in the genetic composition of populations over time and is the result...

In a famous manifesto, the geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) claimed in 1973 that “nothing in biology makes sense except in...

The growth of lone parenthood is a trend common to many advanced industrial countries. In 1990 Britain had one of...

Love is one of the most basic human emotions. Many have written about love experiences, both in popular writing and...

Questions about inequalities in marriage and the distribution of power within the relationship have long been a concern within sociology...

Marital quality is a dynamic concept, as the nature and quality of people’s relationships change over time. There have been...

Dictionary definitions of marriage usually begin with something like ”the legal union of a man and a woman in order...

As with ideas of community, public perceptions of family life highlight the extent to which change has been occurring. Usually...

Maternalism has three meanings. First, it refers to social practices grounded in women’s concern for children, especially when those practices...

The term matriarchy has a commonsense meaning today. It refers to a situation where a female becomes an important figure...

The equal sharing of financial resources and, hence, material well-being has become an assumed norm of contemporary heterosexual families. Of...

Motherhood is the word that sociologists tend to use to refer to the social expectations, experiences, and structures associated with...

A working definition of film genre depends on the purposes toward which it will be applied. The audience approaches genre...

The term “film production” has routinely been used as a way to indicate the stage in the making of a...

Film theory is a form of speculative thought that aims to make visible the underlying structures and absent causes that...

 “Graphic design” refers, in essence, to the artful arrangement of images and text on a variety of surfaces and in...

Heraldry is a traditional display system for family and corporate visual identity, originating in late twelfth-century western Europe, based on...

Hollywood is the metaphoric, if not exactly the geographic, center of the American film, television, cable, music, and digital media...

The term “Hong Kong cinema” refers both to an industry and to a phenomenon. In its most concrete sense it...