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Orthotic technicians and prosthetic technicians (also known as medical appliance technicians) make, fit, repair, and maintain orthotic and prosthetic devices...

Orthotists design and make braces, shoe inserts, and other corrective devices to support the spine or limbs weakened by illness...

Sociologists define deviant behavior as behavior that violates social norms. Norms are expectations or prescriptions that guide people into actions...

It’s not often that a boy from a small town in Texas gets to become a renowned Harvard professor, but...

John Dewey was an American philosopher, educator, psychologist, public intellectual, social critic, and political activist. He was a major figure...

As a social scientist, Jared Diamond is interested in how human societies have developed and fared over the millennia, and...

The 20th century certainly had its share of political problems. Some have come, some have gone, and some are still...

Focusing on the notion that similarities among cultures resulted from components spreading from one culture to another, diffusionism is often...

Contemplating “what if” questions about the extinction of nonavian dinosaurs has long been a pastime of scientists and the general...

The trajectory of the word “disease” in anthropology from the 20th century through to the present reflects as much about...

Dispute processes, those that initiate disputes and those that operate to resolve them, are cultural processes. These must be analyzed...

Determinism, from the Latin determino or define, is a basic philosophic theory about general interdependence and interconditionality of phenomena and...

Missing from traditional and most contemporary discussions of deviance and crime is the notion of gender. A rather accessible definition...

Social scientists and educational researchers paid relatively little attention to issues of gender and education until the 1970s, when questions...

The subject of gender and friendship links two fields of sociological scholarship. Gender was rarely a salient theme in pioneering...

Although life expectancy at birth of women in western societies is significantly longer than that of men (e.g., 80 versus...

Social movements are shaped by gender systems and they also are a source of social change in gender. Some social...

Feminist thinkers have long focused on the body as an expression of power and a site of social control. As...

Gender bias is behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over another. Most often, gender bias is the act of...

World systems theorists were among the first to use the concept of an international division of labor by illustrating how...

Gender ideology and gender role ideology refer to attitudes regarding the appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men...

Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality. The approach seeks to reorganize and restructure policies, institutions, and social...

Risk factors for suicide and self-harm among offenders are separated by offenders’ location within the criminal justice system and include...

Suicide and self-harm (attempted suicide) are actions taken to inflict death upon oneself. U.S. governmental findings in 2016 list suicide...

While the terms suicide and self-harm are often used interchangeably, it is important to be clear that they are conceptually...

Suicide refers to the act of intentionally taking one’s own life while self-harm is the act of intentionally injuring oneself....

When compared to the general population, individuals involved in the criminal justice system are at increased risk of suicide and...

A coerced confession is an involuntary confession. Coerced confessions are elicited by investigating officers’ use of coercive tactics. Coerced confessions...

Community policing is defined as the establishment and use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to address public safety concerns, such...

In law, a confession is a statement in an admission of guilt accompanied by a narrative account of the crime....

The term correctional boot camps refers to correctional programs that involve a relatively short period of placement (90–180 days) in...

In the field of criminal justice, corrections is an umbrella term that refers to what happens after an individual has...

Historically, a scholar’s word was considered better than that of a “townsman.” Along with scholarly status comes a protective cloak...

Asia is the world’s largest continent, home to 4 billion people residing in 47 different countries. These countries maintain a...

Involvement in the arts can be tremendously beneficial to both victims and perpetrators of violence. Art therapy or similar programs...

Anger is one of the primary risk factors for violent activity, both inside and outside of schools. Students who do...

According to its website, “The ACLU is our nation’s guardian of liberty, working daily in courts, legislatures and communities to...

Alcohol is a depressant that affects the brain’s chemistry, causing the brain to release dopamine and serotonin. It is the...

Existing data indicate that the rate of school violence and crime in Africa has increased in the last two decades,...

In recent years, more juveniles have been tried as adults in criminal courts. What juveniles experience in adult court stands...

Children and youth who have experienced abuse are at risk for subsequent victimization. Additionally, those who have experienced abuse at...

Zero tolerance policing is the style of policing generally associated with the full and complete enforcement of all criminal violations,...

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