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American philosopher, Daniel C. Dennett focuses on the philosophical problems concerning science, particularly in the areas of mind and consciousness...

Derrida has become a figure of extreme fame and extreme notoriety, neither of which phenomena has aided the evaluation of...

The assertion about the unique “complexity” or the peculiarly intricate character of social phenomena has, at least within sociology, a...

The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is a field of sociology that started to take form in the early 1970s....

The sociology of gender is one of the largest subfields within sociology and features theory and research that critically interrogates the...

Gender, race, ethnicity, and social class are the most commonly used categories in sociology. They represent the major social statuses...

Candace West and Don Zimmerman introduced the concept ‘‘doing gender’’ in an article of the same title in 1987. They...

Female masculinity refers to a range of masculine inflected identities and identifications. Debates over the status and meaning of female...

Femininity and masculinity are acquired social identities: as individuals become socialized they develop a gender identity, an understanding of what...

Interest and research in gender and aging have progressed through a variety of different phases, each spurred by developments in...

The history of consumerism has been shaped by gender inequality. During the colonial period, when families produced most of what...

Over the last half century there have been different theoretical frameworks used to understand how women are located in global...

The psychodiagnostic interview is an essential component of mental health diagnosis in which mental health professionals collect specific information about...

Many assessments of mental illness (e.g., symptom checklists, diagnostic oriented symptom assessment) and criminal risk (e.g., level of criminal risk,...

The applicability of risk assessment tools to diverse offender populations is a relevant consideration for all criminal justice organizations. The...

In the context of offender risk assessment, risk communication is the process whereby the results of an assessment are conveyed...

The underlying assumption of the professional override when applied to offender risk assessment is simple. After completing a structured, statistically...

Protective factors or strength factors represent conditions that reduce the likelihood an individual will engage in antisocial behaviors. On the...

Identifying and treating the problems or factors related to criminal and violent behavior are important for both prevention and intervention....

The Structured Assessment of Protective Factors (SAPROF) for violence has been under development since the early 2000s. Arguably, it represents...

Self-injury encompasses behaviors that result in deliberate harm or injury to oneself. This comprises a number of behaviors including nonsuicidal...

Suicide refers to the act of intentionally taking one’s own life. Self-harm is the act of intentionally injuring oneself. Although...

On June 27, 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld as constitutional a school-based drug testing program required for participation in...

On February 12, 2010, Amy Bishop, age 45, a neurobiology professor at the University of Alabama, Huntsville, shot and wounded...

Some researchers maintain that there is a biological basis for crime and violence, theorizing that biological and genetic factors affect...

Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) is the oldest and largest youth mentoring organization in the United States. It has provided...

The cocaine overdose of University of Maryland superstar basketball player Len Bias prompted changes not only in the world of...

The Russian republic of North Ossetia-Alania is home to many Russian military bases, and a major city there is Beslan...

The Baylor college basketball team was already in trouble when perhaps the most tragic of all sports scandals occurred. Under...

The small community of Bath, Michigan, was the scene of the largest school bombings in terms of loss of life...

On November 7, 2007, in Tuusula, Finland, a city about 30 miles from the country’s capital, a school shooting took...

Over the years, high school sports have traditionally been seen as a positive factor in students’ lives, giving them something...

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Self-presentation,  also  referred  to  as  impression motivation,  is  the  process  whereby  individuals attempt to monitor and control how other people...

A  self-schema  is  a  cognitive  structure  involving some  aspect  of  the  self  that  is  considered  important to the individual, such...

Social  comparison  is  a  process  in  which  self-appraisals  are  formed  and  involves  evaluating one’s  skills,  attributes,  belongings,  and  so  forth...

This  entry  presents  an  overview  of  the  psychosocial  research  conducted  at  both  ends  of  the  spectrum  of  sport  engagement.  First, ...

Health  promotion  has  been  defined  in  a  number of  different  ways  and  used  in  reference  to  a  constellation  of  behaviors, ...

Exercise  has  been  proposed  as  a  potential  treatment  to  help  people  quit  smoking  and,  more recently,  to  treat  addictions  to ...

Many of the benefits of exercise come through sustained  participation.  Unfortunately,  it  is  difficult for sedentary individuals to start an...

Exercise can influence how people feel. This observation  has  attracted  considerable  research  attention in the last 50 years. There are...