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Coping with acute exertional sensations during physical effort expenditure requires optimal use of attentional  resources.  Association  and  dissociation  are two...

Cognitive  function  refers  to  the  mental  process of  knowing  or  thinking.  It  involves  all  aspects of  mental  processes  that  enable ...

Almost everything the general public knows of corporations and other organizations is mediated by the mass media. This is especially...

Organizational image is a useful concept for understanding the impressions individuals have of organizations or that organizations want to convey...

Positioning is an essential concept in communication management, public relations, and marketing communication. The process of positioning includes identifying, defining,...

The term “spin” has historically been associated with political and governmental campaigns. Two prominent citations stem from the Washington Post...

Stakeholder theory has provoked controversy for more than 70 years, even though the term “stakeholder” is itself of more recent...

Framing is a rhetorical tool used by communicators to delimit the scope of a situation or argument. Although it is...

The “trust of publics” or “public trust” can be defined as a process and outcome of a publicly generated, communicative,...

In the 1960s, Chevrolet spent almost its entire US television media budget on one program – the Dinah Shore Show....

Communication scholars interested in new media are increasingly archiving content of the Internet or “web content,” and studying web archives...

In 1999 Professor Lawrence Lessig, then Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard Law School, later professor of law...

The family is a complex unit comprised of individuals with varied cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics and abilities that can...

The ability of young children to distinguish between fantasy and reality with regard to television, and the changes that occur...

There is a growing body of evidence that the mass media, especially television shows and movies, often induce fear and...

Communication within friendship is important for human development throughout life. Beginning in childhood, friendships shape and reflect developments in social...

The term “intergenerational communication” applies to interactions involving individuals who are from different age cohorts or age groups. Families provide...

Internet usage refers primarily to the online activities of visiting web pages and using email. It is reasonable to expect...

Language acquisition starts before babies utter their first words. Even in the womb, they jump in response to noises, such...

Traditionally, research into the effects of television has assumed that children are passive recipients on whom television has a powerful...

Media play an important role in the lives of adolescents and children. Especially as they age, today’s children and adolescents...

A common finding in media research is that age groups differ in the amount and functions of their media use....

The hospitality and tourism industry provides accommodations, meals, and personal services for both the traveling public and permanent residents. The...

Accountants compile, analyze, verify, and prepare financial records, including profit and loss statements, balance sheets, cost studies, and tax reports....

Actuaries use statistical formulas and techniques to calculate the probability of events such as death, disability, sickness, unemployment, retirement, and...

Mechanical engineers plan and design tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical systems that pro­duce, transmit, or use power. They may...

Medical laboratory technicians, also known as clinical laboratory technicians, perform routine tests in medical laboratories. These tests help physicians and...

Medical technologists, also called clinical laboratory tech­nologists, are health professionals whose jobs include many health care roles. They perform laboratory...

The merchant marine is that part of the maritime trade industry concerned with transporting cargo (and some­times passengers) from place...

Metallurgical engineers develop new types of metal alloys and adapt existing materials to new uses. They manipulate the atomic and...

Metallurgy involves processing and converting metals into usable forms. Metallurgical technicians work in sup­port of metallurgical engineers, metallurgists, or materi­als...

Meteorologists, or atmospheric scientists, study weather conditions and forecast weather changes. By analyzing weather maps covering large geographic areas and...

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the British naturalist who became famous for his theories of evolution and natural selection. He believed...

The history of the interrelation between Charles Darwin and Italy begins long before Darwin’s main works were published. In 1814,...

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is one of the greatest naturalists in the history of science. His theory of organic evolution...

Modern Darwinism, also known as the “modern synthesis” or “neo-Darwinism,” is a comprehensive theory of evolution that combines Darwin’s theory...

Social Darwinism is the theory that human beings have a natural tendency to compete and that the strong will overcome...

Dating is nothing more than ordering time. Time is the quintessential sorter of events. All living beings go through life...

Radiometric dating became a possibility with Becquerel’s discovery in 1896 of natural radioactivity. Rutherford postulated that radioactivity could be used...

An English ethnologist and evolutionary biologist, Richard Dawkins was born in Nairobi during the onset of World War II. Spending...

Jaime de Angulo (1887-1950), the eccentric amateur anthropologist, helped to move the field of anthropology away from armchair theorizing with...

Frans De Waal was born in the Netherlands in 1948. He received his training as a zoologist and ethicist from...

Criminal law is a body of law that defines and grades crimes, and indicates corresponding punishments. These definitions and punishments...

The relationship between economy and law has been an important object of inquiry for sociologists. Classical theorists Durkheim and Weber...

The term law is surprisingly difficult to define. Perhaps the best-known definition within the sociology of law community is that...

The concepts of law and society refer to macrostructural phenomena. Is there a macro-oriented theory of law and society or...

The legal profession refers to all the occupational roles purposely oriented towards the administration and maintenance of the legal system....

In The Division of Labor in Society ([1893] 1984), Emile Durkheim advanced the idea that the distinctive sociological feature of...

The sociology of knowledge as a subfield in sociology deals with the social and group origins of ideas. In its brief...

Knowledge is relevant to sociology as the principle that social relations can be organized in terms of the differential access...